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208О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающее упражнение к уроку 19
Найдите в следующих предложениях причастия, выполняющие
функцию определения.
1. Case 5 had his blood pressure raised over all period of investiga-
tion. 2. Transient or reversible albuminuria accompanied by oliguria and
highly concentrated urine can be due to functional changes in the
glomerular membrane. 3. When damaged the glomerular epithelium
becomes permeable to the blood coloids. 4. Oliguria or decreased
secretion of urine, may be due to a number of renal factors. 5.
Albuminuria is common in passive congestion accompanying cardiac
decompensation. 6. Intravenous pyelography having been performed,
the patient was operated on.
(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите §§ 20, 21 Грам-
матического справочника.)
V. Environmental Medicine
LESSON TWENTY
THE AIR AND HEALTH
Повторение:Ing-формы (§ 24)
Часть I
Слова к части I
rate [reit] n темп, скорость;death-
rate ['deOreit] n
смертностьpollutant [pa'luitant] n
загрязняющее
вещество associate [9'soufieit]
vсоединяться,
связывать association
[a,sousi'eiJn] nассоциация,
общество; соединение
population [,popju'leiJn]
nнаселение level [Tevl] nуровень
vegetation [,vecfei'teijn]
nрастительность
sufferer [Ward]
nстрадающийprohibit
[pra'hibit] v запрещать
Упражнения
Lesson 21 О209
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с ing-формами.
1. This table presents the patients with post operative infection who were
not receiving prophylactic antibiotics. 2. Scattering of radiation occurs when
X-rays come into contact with radiopaque objects. 3. Ionizing radiation can
cause chemical changes in the cells through which it passes and is able to
affect the functioning of those cells. 4. The past history of this patient was
complicated by diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerotic heart disease and a long
history of smoking. 5. Cases 1-3 were being investigated as to the cause of
their radiation dermatitis. 6. Air pollution varies considerably from one area to
another, being most pronounced in heavily industrialized zones.
Упражнение 2. Переведите следукйцие предложения с герундием;
определите его функции.
1. The lecturer told us about the difficulties of making a 24 hour urine
collection in healthy children outside hospital. 2. Patients with hepatic
cirrhosis develop oliguric renal failure in response to minor decrease in
circulating blood volume. 3. The internal distribution of blood flow has
been estimated by measuring the extraction of p-aminohippurate. 4. By
investigating patients with cirrhosis a direct relationship between renal
hemodynamic changes and cirrhosis of the liver may be established. 5.
Developmental disorders of the body lead to stunting or to overgrowth of
the skeletal system, to faulty connective or other «soft» tissues or to
physical distortion and deformity. 6. I am against your taking part in this
experiment.
Упражнение 3.Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.
1. associate, to associate, associable, associated, association; 2. to
alter, alteration, alternative; 3. sense, senseless, sensibility, sensitive, to
sensitize; 4. to suffer, sufferer, suffering
Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание
текста.
Text А Air and Health
1.
There is accumulating evidence that air pollution is producing
harmful effects in man. Many studies reveal that air pollution may cause
reduced visibility, eye irritation, and respiratory irritation. Some medical
210О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
studies link air pollution with lung cancer, emphysema and other
diseases.
2.
The severity of symptoms of illness increases proportionately with
concentration of pollutants in the air. The first effects of air pollutants are
likely to lead to discomfort. Though not associated with the development
of disease, even in sensitive groups, these effects are capable of
disturbing the comfort of the population in residential or industrial areas.
This level is the one at which eye irritation occurs. Also in this category
are levels of pollutants that damage vegetation and reduce visibility. A
more serious level of pollutants, or possibly combination of pollutants, is
likely to lead to insidious or chronic diseases or to significant alteration of
important physiological function in a «sensitive group» such as the aged
or sufferers from chronic respiratory or heart disease.
Pollution would not necessarily be a risk for persons in good health. But
under conditons of intense pollution, this «sensitive group» may die.
3.
Three episodes of acute air pollution have been characterized by
sudden death. These tragedies occurred in Belgium's Meuse Valley in
1930, in Donora, Pennsylvania, in 1947, and in London in 1952. In each
case a heavy fog settled over the area and did not lift; in each case the
phenomenon was produced by a temperature inversion or a layer of warm
air over a layer of cold air, and in each case there was a heavy
concentration of smoke and pollutants.
4.
During these periods, 63 deaths in Meuse Valley, 20 deaths in Do-
nora, and 3.000 deaths in London were attributed to air pollution. Most of
those who died were elderly people already suffering from diseases of the
respiratory or circulatory systems. This disaster in London was a major
factor in hastening the Clean Air Act of 1956. The emission of dark smoke
from industrial chimneys was prohibited for the whole country.
5.
Three general types of substances are known to pollute the atmo-
spheres of all industrial environments: chemical, radioactive and bio-
logical. Chemical pollutants are the major concern because of expanding
industrial, automobile and domestic wastes. However, radioactive
pollutants add to the total radiation exposure in both urban and rural air.
Biological dusts and pollens likewise may cause effects, especially in
persons who react to them with hay fever, asthma, and other allergies.
Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А еще раз и назовите факторы,
способствующие загрязнению воздуха.
Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и
зачитайте их.
Lesson 21 О211
1. What effect is air pollution producing in man? 2. What are the first
effects of air pollution? 3. Who were the victims of three episodes in
Meuse Valley, Donora and London? 4. What did the Clean Air Act
prohibit? 5. What substances are known to pollute the atmospheres of
industrual environments?
Упражнение 7. Составьте письменно план текста А.
Упражнение 8. Спишите и переведите абзац 2 текста А.
Упражнение 9. Прочтите приведенные аннотации. Скажите, какая из
них передает содержание текста наиболее адекватно и более
отвечает требованиям, предъявляемым к аннотации.
Air pollution depending on its-concentration and the level of pollutants
cause conditions of different severity and even death in the «sensitive
group».
Episodes of acute air pollution took place in different countries in 1930,
1947, 1952.
Chemical, radioactive and biological substances are known to pollute (he
atmosphere.
Air pollution produces harmful effects in man: reduced visibility, eye and
respiratory irritation, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
The severity of symptoms increases proportionately with concentration of
pollution.
A serious level of pollutants or combination of them is likely to lead
insidious or chronic diseases or to alteration of physiological functions and
even death in elderly people or sufferers from chronic respiratory or heart
diseases.
The episodes of acute pollution occurred in Belgium, Pennsylvania and
London in 1930, 1947 and 1952 correspondingly.
Three types of air pollutants are known. They are chemical, radioactive
and biological ones.
Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите текст. Определитефункцииing-
форм.
212О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
In October 1948, the small town of Donora, Pennsylvania, was struck by a
fog disaster. The town is located on the Monongahela river. On both sides of
the river are hills rising about 400 to 600 feet with farmland and woods
stretching in all directions. The area immediately along the river bank is
occupied by a large steel mill and a large zink reduction plant. It has long
been known as a district liable to heavy fogs especially in the cold weather
of the late autumn, and the coal barges on the river used to anchor in
midstream waiting for the fog to clear. Sunrise often brought relief but it was
common for the captains to await the lifting of the «second fog» which came
after sunrise.
The fog of 1948 was unusually wet and dirty and had a peculiar
sulphurous smell. It became dense on Tuesday morning, 26 October, and
soon Donora's eight doctors were receiving far more calls than they could
attend to. The patients complained about pain in the abdomen, splitting
headache, nausea and vomiting, and some coughing up of blood. Soon
there were 20 deaths directly attributable to the fog. Late Saturday afternoon
it began drizzling, the air became clearer, and by Sunday morning, 31
October, the fog was gone.
Часть II
С
' * - Г /
Слова к части II
amount [s'maunt]п количество; сум- contrary ['kontrsri] (to)а противо-
ма, итог;(to)vдоходить до; со-
положный
ставлять (сумму), равняться
reduce [ri'dju:s] vуменьшать, сокра-
contaminate [kan'taemineit] vзагряз-
щать
нять, заражать
reduction [ri'dAkJn] п уменьшение,
contamination [k9n,taemi'neijn] п заг-
сокращение
рязнение, заражение
alarm[э'1а:ш] п тревога; vпугать,
contaminant [kan'taeminant]п загряз-
волновать
няющее вещество
deplete [di'pli:t] vистощать, исчер-
vast [va:st]а обширный, огромный
пывать (запасы)
trouble[ЧглЫ] п неприятность, беда, depletion [di'pli:Jn] п истощение
беспокойство; vбеспокоить, тре- complicate ['komplikeit] vосложнять
вожить; затруднять
dilution [dai'lju:Jn]п разбавление,
hazard ['haezad]п опасность, риск
растворение hazardous
['haezadas]а опасный, рискованный