Файл: evstifeeva_m_v_teoreticheskaya_fonetika_angliiskogo_yazyka_l.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 05.12.2019
Просмотров: 20997
Скачиваний: 709
15
— the acoustic nature of word stress;
— the stress position in disyllabic and polysyllabic words;
— the degrees of word stress.
The fourth component is the intonational structure of utterances with
the following manifestations:
— the prosodic components of intonation;
— the structure of intonation patterns;
— the representation of patterns in intonation groups.
All the components of the phonetic system of the language constitute
its pronunciation.
§ 5. Branches of phonetics
There are several ways to define branches of phonetics.
I.
According to the
object of the study
there are four branches of pho-
netics. They are interconnected, because the sound matter of a language is
a unity of four aspects: articulatory, acoustic, auditory, and functional.
Articulatory phonetics studies the way in which the speech organs are
used to produce single sounds and combinations of sounds. It is the lon-
gest established and the most highly developed branch. That’s why most
terms used by phoneticians are articulatory in origin.
Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech
sounds and the air vibrations between the speaker’s mouth and the lis-
tener’s ear.
Auditory phonetics studies the way people perceive speech sounds.
All these branches analyse, describe and classify all possible sounds
that the human articulatory apparatus can make and thus concern only the
material side of phonetic units. But scientists are also interested in the
abstract, linguistic side of speech sounds and in the way different sound
phenomena function in a particular language.
The branch of phonetics, which studies the functional (linguistic) as-
pect of speech sounds, is called functional phonetics or phonology.
II.
According to the
sphere of application
phonetics can be divided
into general phonetics and special phonetics.
16
General phonetics studies all the sound-producing possibilities of the
human speech apparatus and the ways they are used for the purpose of
communication.
Special phonetics is based on general phonetics and studies the pho-
netic system of a particular language.
According to the
number of languages
under study special phonetics
is divided into descriptive and comparative phonetics.
Descriptive phonetics studies the system of pronunciation and pho-
netic units of a single language.
The aim of comparative phonetics is to study the correlation between
phonetic systems of two or more languages.
III.
According to the
time characteristics
of sound phenomena under
study linguists distinguish between historical and contemporary phonetics.
Historical phonetics traces and establishes the successive changes in the
phonetic system of a given language at different stages of its development.
The aim of contemporary phonetics is to find and fix the peculiarities
of speech sounds of the language at the present moment of its existence.
IV.
According to the
field of application
and methods of investiga-
tion phonetics is also divided into theoretical and practical.
Practical phonetics studies the substance, the material form of phonetic
phenomena with the help of different methods of phonetic analysis.
Theoretical phonetics is mainly concerned with the functions of pho-
netic units in the language and uses methods of phonemic analysis.
All the branches of phonetics are closely connected with one another
and study the language in a set of certain phonetic units arranged in an
orderly way.
§ 6. Methods of phonetic analysis
Linguists distinguish between two groups of methods, which may be
applied when investigating the sound matter of the language: subjective
and objective methods of phonetic analysis.
Subjective (introspective) methods were available from the beginning
of the study of sounds. They include the oldest and simplest methods of
phonetic investigation: sensory analysis and direct observation. These
17
consist in observing and fixing the movements and positions of one’s
own or other people’s organs of speech in the production of various
speech sounds, as well as in analyzing and comparing one’s own articula-
tory and auditory impressions.
Objective (instrumental) methods of phonetic analysis appeared in the
second half of the XXth century with the development of such sciences as
physiology and physics. They involve the use of various instrumental tech-
niques like palatography, laryngoscopy, X-ray photography, electromyogra-
phy, etc. The use of the data of instrumental analysis gives a detailed study
of different phonetic phenomena and articulatory processes. It’s quite clear
that many instruments, which are used in analyzing different phonetic phe-
nomena, derive from other sciences. For instance, the articulatory parameters
of speech are observed and fixed with the help of articulograph. The spectra
of speech sounds are investigated by means of sound spectrograph. The pitch
component of intonation is studied with the help of intonograph.
Nowadays practically no area of practical phonetic investigation can
do without the combination of subjective and objective methods when the
results of instrumental analysis supplement those available from intro-
spective analysis.
Seminar 1
1. What is your idea of phonetics?
2. What is the role of phonetics in language teaching?
3. What is meant by phonetics as a science?
4. Prove that phonetics is a basic branch of linguistics.
5. How is phonetics connected with other branches of linguistics?
6. What is the object of phonetics on the expression and on the content
level?
7. Explain the connection of phonetics with non-linguistic sciences.
8. What interdisciplinary subjects does phonetics overlap with?
9. Name the 6 stages of speech chain production.
18
10. Comment on the peculiarities of the stages made on the part of the
speaker.
11. Comment on the peculiarities of the stages made on the part of the
listener.
12. What are the levels of speech production? How do they correlate
with the aspects of sound phenomena?
13. Characterize the articulatory aspect of phonetics. List the organs of
speech that are included in the:
a) power mechanism;
b) vibration mechanism;
c) resonator mechanism;
d) obstruction mechanism.
14. Discuss the object of the acoustic aspect of phonetics. What are its
main ideas?
15. What does the auditory aspect of phonetics concern?
16. What is the aim of the functional aspect of phonetics?
17. Speak about phonetics as a system. What subdivisions does it in-
clude?
18. Name the segmental and suprasegmental units of phonetics.
19. Give the definition of phonetics.
20. What components of the phonetic system do you know? Characte-
rize each of them.
21. Speak about the main branches of phonetics defined according to the
object of the study. What is implied by the term ‘phonology’?
22. State the difference between general and special phonetics.
23. Discuss the peculiarities of historical and contemporary phonetics.
24. What are the objects and methods of theoretical and practical pho-
netics?
25. What methods of phonetic analysis do you know? Give examples of
each of them.
19
Lecture 2
MAIN ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONAL PHONETICS
§ 1. Phoneme:
definition and functions
A speech sound is the unit of practical phonetics, which is studied
from articulatory, acoustic and auditory aspects. A phoneme is the unit of
functional phonetics, which serves communicative purposes.
The
phoneme
is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech
in the form of speech sounds opposable to other phonemes of the same
language in order to distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words.
The truly materialistic view of the phoneme was first proposed by an
outstanding linguist L.V. Shcherba and supported by V.A. Vassilyev and
other phoneticians. According to it the phoneme is viewed as a func-
tional, material and abstract unit, which performs three functions: distinc-
tive, constitutive and recognitive.
1. The phoneme as a functional unit performs the distinctive function. It
distinguishes different sounds in a contrastive sense and serves as the
smallest language unit that discriminates between larger language
units. Thus, the opposition of phonemes in the same phonetic envi-
ronment differentiates the meaning of morphemes, words and even
sentences.
E.g.,
sleeper — sleepy
;
bath — path, light — like
;
He was heard badly — He was hurt badly
.
2. The phoneme is a material, real and objective unit that performs the
constitutive function. The phoneme is realized in speech in the form
of its variants or allophones, which do not make meaningful distinc-
tions and serve to constitute the material form of morphemes.