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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

ГЕРУНДИЙ

ИНФИНИТИВ

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

ЭМФАЗА Эмфатические конструкции служат для выделения того или иного члена предложения.1. Усилительное doДля усиления сказуемого в Present и Past Simple употребляется глагол do в соответствующем времени, который стоит перед смысловым глаголом. При переводе используются слова действительно, на самом деле, фактически.She does know the subject well.Она действительно знает этот предмет хорошо.Если в предложении имеются слова actually, really, indeed,то do не переводится.Если предложение вводится союзами although, though,то do переводится словами все же, хотя, однако.Although such compounds are practically unknown, the substances 1 and 2 do yield such complexes.Хотя такие соединения практически неизвестны, вещества 1 и 2 все же дают такие комплексы.2. Обратный порядок словОбратный порядок слов используется для выделения второстепенных членов предложения. Выделяемый член предложения выносится на первое место.Nowhere could he be found.Его нигде нельзя было найти.Если сказуемое стоит в Present и Past Simple, то при обратном порядке слов перед подлежащим стоит вспомогательный глагол do.Only in this paper did we find the necessary data.Только в этой статье мы нашли необходимые данные.Иногда на первое место выносятся причастие I, причастие II или прилагательное. Перевод таких предложений нужно начинать с дополнения или обстоятельства, стоящих после вынесенного на первое место слова.Related to this are many factors.С этим связаны многие факторы.Обратный порядок слов употребляется в эмфатических предложениях, вводимых союзами so, neither, nor. Переводятся с помощью слов тоже, а также и, а также не.He swims very well. So do I.Он очень хорошо плавает. И я тоже.He can’t drive. Neither can I.Он не умеет водить машину. И я тоже.Nor should we forget the importance of this factor.А также мы не должны забывать о важности этого фактора.3. Эмфатические уступительные предложенияImportant as this work is (may be), it does not cover the problem on the whole.Какой бы важной ни была эта работа, она не охватывает данную проблему в целом.However complicated the problem is, we are to solve it.Какой бы сложной ни была эта проблема, мы должны решить ее.4. Двойное отрицаниеОтрицание not в сочетании с отрицательными приставками прилагательных или наречий un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, dis- усиливает любые члены предложения, кроме подлежащего и дополнения. Такое сочетание переводится словами довольно, весьма, вполне.This is not impossible.Это вполне возможно.This is not uncommon.Это довольно обычно.Вместо отрицания not может стоять выражение by no means.This is by no means unreasonable.Это вполне разумно.5. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit is...that (which, who)Выделяет любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Акцент передается словом именно.It is he who helped me.Именно он помог мне.It is language that enables us to communicate with each other.Именно язык помогает нам общаться друг с другом.6. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit was not until...that Служит для выделения обстоятельства времени. Переводится словами только; только тогда, когда; только после.It was not until 1992 that the book was published.Книга была опубликована только в 1992 году.It was not until his book was published for the second time, that it became widely known.Только после того, как его книга была опубликована во второй раз, она стала хорошо известной.Вариантом этой конструкции является сочетание not... until after.His book was not published until after the war.Его книга была опубликована только после войны.УПРАЖНЕНИЯЧАСТЬ 1Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык. We did apply mathematical methods. A theorist does need to know experimental techniques. Not only does science explain natural phenomena but it also finds ways for their practical application. Not only does scientific information grow quantitatively but it also changes qualitatively. Not only was the relativity theory an achievement in itself, but it also paved the way for later discoveries. Not only did he collect new data but he also interpreted them. Not only did he describe the mechanism but he also explained it. Of special interest is his recent theory. Of great value are our recent results. Of prime importance is efficient organization of research. This rate of the reaction is not impossible. This effect is not improbable. It is he who is interested in speeding up the work. It is he who insists on revising the program. It was Rutherford who discovered the atomic nucleus. It is Smith who objects to including this question in the program. It is these experiments that provided the basis for further research. It is these data that deserve special attention. It was not until World War II that antibiotics were first used. It was not until 17th century that the law of gravitation was formulated. It was not until 13th century that the first clock was made. It was not until 1930 that the first nuclear reaction was observed. It was not until 1957 that the first satellite was launched. It was not until 18th century that the first classification of animals and plants was made. It was not until 19th century that the nature of electricity became known. It was not until recently that computers have become widely used. It was not until recently that lasers have found wide application. It was not until recently that the structure of viruses has become known. The theoretical aspects of this phenomenon will not be treated until later. The reaction did not start until the next morning. Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык. He said he would come and he did come. We do not know much of the author. But we do know that all three poems were written by him. Humour is not missing in his work. The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable. To find a poet who is also a literary critic is not unusual nowadays. Not infrequently the primary meaning of a word dies away and the derivative meaning remains. To group these artists into schools is a little pedantic. Yet it is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence. The changes of sound here are not irregular. Not dissimilar effects are found in painting. It is Greek that she wants to study. Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character. The first part of his work did not come out until 1940. Cotton was not introduced to Japan from China until later and wool was unknown. Only in one case do we find a slight difference between the two forms. News about Japan reached Russia relatively late. Not until the 17th century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources. Connected with this phenomenon are also some other types of changes. Lying inside the box was a small ring. The following translations, inadequate as they are, may help to give some idea of the character of this poetry. The two words are not enough alike in sound to cause their confusion, nor do their written symbols look alike enough. Nor can the author resist the temptation of displaying his erudition and introducing foreign words. The compound was prepared in 1865, although it was not recognized as a thiasoleuntil 1879. The theoretical aspects of the phenomenon will not be treated until later. It is not improbable that an inversion of configuration took place. It has not been until recently that the basic assumptions of this theory have been seriously called in question. However, what actually does occur remains obscure. Experiments showed that the starting products did indeed contain impurities. Not only did Osborne isolate many new proteins of vegetable origin, but described them in detail. Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Notable are relatively low sensitivities of that substance. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Important as the decisions were, they did not solve the problem confronting them. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Only recently have we appreciated the potentialities in this field. It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. Plotted on the diagram are the curves of production growth versus automation. The figure of merit, useful criterion as it is, must be used with reserve. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. We failed to estimate the variables, nor do we know how to evaluate the performance of the system. Closely relating to the problem of memory capacity is the problem of miniaturization. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Hardly had this result been ignored. ЧАСТЬ 2Переведите на русский язык. This system does perform well. Electrical Tokamak does not have the typically high magnetic field capacity of other tokamaks, but it does have a relatively large major radius of 5m. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Experience with these systems in high-energy physics is limited. Introductory literature does exist. The above amplitudes do indeed form the triangle of Eq.6. To demonstrate that instability does indeed occur, and to estimate how strong it is, we must compute the eigenvalues of the matrix M. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Instead, not only does the generator produce the correct code automatically, but it also allows hacks such as the propagation of the minus sign to be implemented with just a couple of lines of code. Not always, however, can this limit be used. Not only is there a shift in the diamond line, but it is also split. Not only are well-ordered note-books useful when you write a paper, but the prompt recording of summaries compels you to give critical thought to each experiment at the best time. Also shown is the mass spectrum when the detector material is included in front. Arriving at CERN from Novosibirsk’s Budker Institute are magnets for the two transfer lines. Commonly used in this application would be a common-collection amplifier or a transformer with a high primary-to-secondary turns ratio. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. There is no turning back here, if the called programme terminates, so does this process. Use this device sparingly, however: otherwise you will be in trouble, and so shall I. As it happened, this stacking programme was never used, and neither was the slow extraction. This essay is not a complete text-book on “How to write...”. Neither is it designed to replace existing works on literary style or the editorial directives issued by many journals. However the initial and final hadrons wave-functions, the quantities that describe these hadrons in terms of their quark content, are not perturbatively known, nor do they contain only hard quarks. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Such theories do not in general require any new low-energy CP-violation mechanism, neither do they forbid it. The problem of dealing with soft hadronic physics effects is not unique for calculations of two body decays, nor are the general statements made below about methods and symmetry limits special to those days. Different as Einstein’s and Newton’s theories are, within the solar system their results are almost identical. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Important as this area is, it is not where I want to spend my time in this paper. Slight departures from these expectations are not unlikely. It is the bunched beam that radiates. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. It is this slow superimposed motion which contains “all the FEL physics”. It is this simple renormalizable structure of the Standard Model that has let us derive specific quantitative predictions for experimental results. It is this regenerative function that allows a trigger pulse to push the flip-flop from one stable state to the other. It was Rutherford who realized the need for an accelerator and who encouraged his colleagues Cockroft and Walton to build the first machine for nuclear physics research. It was for this reason that Bosch developed the “Controller Area Network.” It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. II It is the subsequent deexcitation processes that lead to chemical reactions in heterogeneous photocatalysis process. The use of copper dopant, not expected to block the formation of nickel carbide, does result in a strong decrease in cooking and in the formation of “octopus” type carbon at higher dopant levels. It is the growing intensity of this species that accounts for much of the increased center-of-mass of the NMR lineshape with increased alkali content. Conspicuous by its absence in the spectra of all of these catalysts is a sharp peak at 124 ppm corresponding to gaseous CO2. Evaluating this possibility, an XPS study on supported ruthenium catalysts showed that the Ru core-level binding energies do shift upon the addition of alkali salts, and the shifts are similar regardless of the choice of counterion. These results agree well with the earlier work and so do the values reported by Kramer et al. It were researchers in radiation chemistry who first started to look at the mechanism of chemical reactions involving the plasma state. The enhanced oxygen ion diffusion in SCFC does provide superior cathodic performance compared to LSCF at 700ºC. As predicted from model ii, the thio effect for rS does approach 1 at high pH. During exposure to this cycled environment, gradual sintering does occur, but is less rapid than for treatment in a single gas at the same temperature. It does seem, however, that we have reached a point where the picture of chromatin structure, at least in its more elementary aspects, has clarified to the point where a coherent presentation is possible. There does seem to be general agreement concerning the timing of changes in ADP-ribozylation histones during the cell cycle. Proofreading does indeed operate during DNA synthesis. This may be an indication that the possible allosteric effect of pyrophosphate does only occur if the enzyme is acting in a dimer complex. Although some scattering does exist, these data can be reasonably correlated by the following equation. Only for zirconium did they obtain comparable distinctions. It seems, therefore, that in only one of the cases tested does O-methylthreonine take part in an aminoacylation / deacylation cycle. Only subsequently did the viral DNA migrate to the nucleus, where it underwent integration. Also noted in both small and large intestine was the presence of high molecular weight bands. Compared in Fig.9 are the maximum yields in furan and crotonaldehyde from butadiene on these samples as a function of the number of added V atoms. As the surface coverage increases, so does the vapour pressure. There are no reports, to my knowledge, of cytoplasmic methylation of histones. However, neither is there proof, that even type II enzymes are excluded from nuclei in vivo. The sites and extent of this modification are unknown. Nor is it clear whether glycozylation of histones is a general phenomenon or merely a peculiarity of T. I heard Max Delbruck lecture, but I don’t think I understand the significance of who he was, nor was I influenced by him to go into molecular biology. Although the DNA structure is clearly of the B type, present resolution does not allow an exact determination of the number of residues per turn. Nor can the exact number of turns be determined, for the ends of the DNA are not distinct. It is not impossible that one or more substances might have general application. DNA regions with these sequence characteristics are not uncommon in the cellular genome. It is not uncommon for labeling to be spread over a large number of components. It seems not unreasonable that the DNA-EDTA-Fe(II) probes do not bind Watson-Crick DNA in slightly basic solutions and consequently do not produce cleavage under these conditions. It is not unreasonable to assume therefore that below

Приложение 1

Приложение 2

Приложение 3



III


  1. Finding universal unfoldings is seldom so straightforward.

  2. Drawing a picture according to a derivation in a linear grammar can be done using two cursors.

  3. The major concern in this paper is showing the relationship between matrix multiplication and some other problems in this class.

  4. The purpose of this paper is analyzing the convergence properties to steady state both for the continuous problem and the corresponding discrete approximation.

  5. There are two things worth noting here.

  6. Indeed, it must somehow be true that the accuracy with which it is worthwhile solving the Riemann problem will be limited by the way we intend using the solution.

  7. A recent review of this subject has developed criteria to judge whether a Monte Carlo integration is appropriate. Several points are worth emphasizing.

  8. This fact cannot help influencing the nature of this phenomenon.

  9. Among the very rich harvest of these new methods, lack of space prevents me from mentioning more than a few results taken from the most startling ones.

  10. Feit and Thompson succeeded in proving the old conjecture of Burnside that all noncommutative simple groups have even order.

  11. For instance, P.Novikov and his school have finally succeeded, by long combinatorial arguments, in constructing infinity groups G which satisfy the Burnside conditions.

  12. We operate the machine by moving P slowly in the plane of the machine.

  13. The examples we present are obtained by applying the Lowenheim-Skolem Theorem for week second-order languages.

  14. In proving this we will have an occasion to use the lower closure theorem.

  15. We can deal with the two remaining regions without performing any calculations.

  16. The idea of considering differential operators on differential manifold goes back to Riemann and Beltrami.

  17. One has now an explicit procedure for computing the solution of a boundary value problem (when it is unique).

  18. Instead of dealing with numbers alone set theory deals with sets – well defined collection of things.

  19. This conclusion does not depend on B being true.

  20. The probability of this result being due to chance is 1 to 10000.

ИНФИНИТИВ



Формы инфинитива
Active
Passive

Indefinite
to ask
to be asked

Continuous
to be asking
-

Perfect
to have asked
to have been asked

Perfect

Continuous
to have been asking
-


В русском языке имеется соответствие только для инфинитива в формах Indefinite Active и Passive, остальные перевести изолированно нельзя, употребляются редко.
Функции инфинитива
1. Подлежащее. Переводится неопределенной формой глагола.
To study foreign languages is necessary.

Изучать иностранные языки необходимо.
Иногда в начале предложения имеется формальное подлежащее it,которое на русский язык не переводится.
It is difficult to answer the question.

Трудно ответить на этот вопрос.
2. 2-ая часть сложного сказуемого. Переводится выражением "заключается в том, чтобы" или "состоит в том, чтобы" и глаголом в инфинитиве. Может передавать модальность.
His duty is to do the work in time.

Его обязанность заключается в том, чтобы выполнить работу вовремя.
Water is to be purified.

Воду следует очищать

3. Дополнение. Переводится неопределенной формой глагола или придаточным предложением.
They report to have solved the problem.

Они сообщают, что решили эту задачу.
4. Определение. Переводится инфинитивом, причастием, личной формой глагола, придаточным предложением.
He has no desire to be appointed to this post.

У него нет желания быть назначенным на эту должность.

Он не хочет, чтобы его назначили на эту должность.
The students to take part in the expedition have come.

Студенты, принимающие (которые будут принимать) участие в экспедиции, пришли.
He was always the first to answer at the exam.

Он всегда первым отвечал на экзамене.
This is the article to be referred to.

Вот статья, на которую будем ссылаться (надо ссылаться).
5. Обстоятельство. Переводится придаточным предложением
, деепричастием.
a) обстоятельство цели (после союзов so as и in order).
We stopped there so as (in order) to have a rest.

Мы остановились там, чтобы отдохнуть.
б) обстоятельство следствия (после наречий too и enough).
It’s too cold to bathe in the river.

Слишком холодно, чтобы купаться в реке.
I don’t know him well enough to ask him about it.

Я знаю его недостаточно хорошо, чтобы спрашивать об этом.
в) обстоятельство сопутствующих условий (после глаголов to form, to produce, to yield).
Hydrogen and oxygen unite to form water.

Водород и кислород соединяются, образуя воду.

Оборот

"Объектный падеж с инфинитивом"
Оборот состоит из существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже и инфинитива и переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что, чтобы, как.
Употребляется:
1) после глаголов чувственного восприятия: tosee, tohear, tofeel, towatchetc. (без частицы to):
I never heard him speak English.

Я никогда не слышал, чтобы он говорил по-английски;
2) после глаголов, выражающих желание, намерение, эмоции:
I want you to help me.

Я хочу, чтобы ты помог мне.
I would like him to speak at the conference.

Я хотел бы, чтобы он выступил на конференции;
3) после глаголов, выражающих умственную активность: to know, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect:
We expect him to come tomorrow.

Мы полагаем, что он приедет завтра.
We consider him to be the best student in the group.

Мы считаем, что он самый лучший студент в группе.
I didn’t know them to have taken part in the expedition.

Я не знал, что они принимали участие в экспедиции.

Оборот

"Именительный падеж с инфинитивом"
Этот оборот состоит из существительного или местоимения и сложного сказуемого, второй частью которого является инфинитив.
The delegation is reported to have arrived in Moscow.

Может переводиться двумя способами.
1-ый способ: Сообщают, что делегация прибыла в Москву.
2-ой способ: Делегация, как сообщают, прибыла в Москву.


Употребляется:

1) в основном, после глаголов в страдательном залоге:
The article is expected to be published next month.

Полагают, что эта статья будет опубликована в следующем месяце.
2) после глаголов в действительном залоге:



to seem, to appear
− по-видимому, казаться

to happen, to chance
− случаться, случайно

to prove, to turn out
− оказываться



He seemed to have forgotten about it.

Он, по-видимому, забыл об этом.
I happened to see him yesterday.

Я случайно встретил его вчера.
The experiment proved to be a failure.

Эксперимент оказался неудачным.
3) после словосочетаний:


be likely
− вероятно

be unlikely
− маловероятно

be sure
− обязательно, конечно

be certain
− обязательно, конечно


He is sure to come.

Он обязательно придет.
He is likely to know the news.

Он, вероятно, знает об этой новости.
Оборот

"Инфинитив после причастия II и слов likely, sure, certain"
Переводится аналогично предыдущему обороту (2-й способ), только со словом который.
The substance known to dissolve in water was tested.

Вещество, которое, как известно, растворяется в воде, было исследовано.
The results likely to be obtained in this experiment will be of great value.

Результаты, которые, вероятно, получат в этом эксперименте, будут иметь большую ценность.
Оборот «for + существительное (местоимение) + инфинитив»
Этот оборот выполняет различные функции. Предлог for при переводе опускается, а весь оборот переводится придаточным предложением соответственно выполняемой функции.
Функции
1. Подлежащее.
It is necessary for him to carry out the experiment.

Ему необходимо провести эксперимент.
2. Дополнение.
We waited for the director to sign the documents.

Мы ждали, когда директор подпишет документы.
3. Определение.
This is the article for you to translate.

Вот статья, которую вам надо перевести.
4. Обстоятельство.
He spoke distinctly for everybody to hear.

Он говорил отчетливо, чтобы все слышали.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

ЧАСТЬ 1
Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык.


  1. To explain this simple fact is not easy.

  2. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural science.

  3. To see the dependence, look at the graph.

  4. To understand the phenomenon the laws of motion should be considered.

  5. The air was rarified so as to diminish pressure.

  6. The waves are too short to affect the eye.

  7. This method is not accurate enough to give reliable results.

  8. Molecules are too small to be seen even with the most powerful microscope.

  9. Phosphorus is too active an element to be found free in nature.

  10. Elements combine to produce a compound.

  11. SO2 decomposes to yield sulphur and oxygen.

  12. Our aim is to master English.

  13. The difficulty is to solve the problem.

  14. Our task is to carry out the experiment carefully.

  15. These books are easy to read.

  16. This element is to be found free in nature.

  17. We are to study the main laws of physics.

  18. Steps are to be taken to purify the substance.

  19. Water is to be purified.

  20. The problem to consider next is concerned with the infinitive.

  21. The method to be chosen depends on many factors.

  22. He is always the first to come.

  23. She was the last to join the group.

  24. The solution to be filtered was poured into a vessel.

  25. Which method is to be chosen in this case?

  26. The purpose of his paper is to discuss the data obtained.

  27. The question is difficult to answer.

  28. The idea was to develop a special apparatus.

  29. The conference was to take place in London.

  30. The author failed to show the difference.


Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. To accomplish this work requires great skill.

  2. To define the varieties of English prose style is the purpose of the chapters to follow.

  3. He has gone to England in order to perfect his knowledge of English.

  4. To understand this author better you should read all his earlier books.

  5. The finds are too few to be spoken about.

  6. The rule has been so formulated as to be easily observed by everybody.

  7. All these conditions combine to make the problem very complicated.

  8. Most of the population of these islands are farmers, but they do not grow enough to feed themselves.

  9. Too little is as yet known of the origin of the Far Eastern peoples to enable us to determine accurately all the racial connections of the Japanese.

  10. This is the main difficulty to be taken into consideration.

  11. This is the rule not to be forgotten.

  12. Here is the text to be read by us next time.

  13. He was the first to pay attention to this peculiarity.

  14. It was the first theatre to be opened in England.

  15. At that period of time he was the only scientist to support this theory.

  16. Our task was to prove this hypothesis.

  17. Nobody was to be seen at the station.

  18. The conference is to be held in summer.

  19. He managed to overcome this difficulty.

  20. These facts, however, fail to explain the cause of this process.


Упр. 3. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. Трудно объяснить это явление.

  2. Нелегко объяснить этот факт.

  3. Следующий шаг состоит в том, чтобы изучить данные.

  4. Цель моей статьи состоит в том, чтобы выдвинуть проблемы, которые надо решить.

  5. Идея состояла в том, чтобы разработать специальный прибор для нашего эксперимента.

  6. Нам необходимо проанализировать данные.

  7. Метод, который будем выбирать, должен отвечать нашим требованиям.

  8. Следует заметить, что там нет кислорода.

  9. Следует подчеркнуть, что использование этого вещества опасно.

  10. Есть некоторые факторы, которые необходимо принять во внимание.

  11. Мы провели ряд экспериментов, которые позволили подтвердить нашу теорию.

  12. Наш подход позволяет преодолеть эти трудности.

  13. Отсутствие реагентов не позволило провести эксперимент.

  14. Для начала, скажем, что мы проводим этот эксперимент, чтобы понять исследуемый механизм.

  15. Чтобы понять это явление, рассмотрим следующее правило.

  16. Это метод недостаточно точен, чтобы дать надежные результаты.

  17. Мы повторили эксперимент, чтобы воспроизвести результаты.

  18. Томас был первым, кто обратил внимание на этот тип реакции.

  19. Они были первыми, кто предложил данный механизм на основе современных концепций.

  20. Ожидаемый результат важен для наших исследований. Результат, который следует ожидать, важен для наших исследований.

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