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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

ГЕРУНДИЙ

ИНФИНИТИВ

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

ЭМФАЗА Эмфатические конструкции служат для выделения того или иного члена предложения.1. Усилительное doДля усиления сказуемого в Present и Past Simple употребляется глагол do в соответствующем времени, который стоит перед смысловым глаголом. При переводе используются слова действительно, на самом деле, фактически.She does know the subject well.Она действительно знает этот предмет хорошо.Если в предложении имеются слова actually, really, indeed,то do не переводится.Если предложение вводится союзами although, though,то do переводится словами все же, хотя, однако.Although such compounds are practically unknown, the substances 1 and 2 do yield such complexes.Хотя такие соединения практически неизвестны, вещества 1 и 2 все же дают такие комплексы.2. Обратный порядок словОбратный порядок слов используется для выделения второстепенных членов предложения. Выделяемый член предложения выносится на первое место.Nowhere could he be found.Его нигде нельзя было найти.Если сказуемое стоит в Present и Past Simple, то при обратном порядке слов перед подлежащим стоит вспомогательный глагол do.Only in this paper did we find the necessary data.Только в этой статье мы нашли необходимые данные.Иногда на первое место выносятся причастие I, причастие II или прилагательное. Перевод таких предложений нужно начинать с дополнения или обстоятельства, стоящих после вынесенного на первое место слова.Related to this are many factors.С этим связаны многие факторы.Обратный порядок слов употребляется в эмфатических предложениях, вводимых союзами so, neither, nor. Переводятся с помощью слов тоже, а также и, а также не.He swims very well. So do I.Он очень хорошо плавает. И я тоже.He can’t drive. Neither can I.Он не умеет водить машину. И я тоже.Nor should we forget the importance of this factor.А также мы не должны забывать о важности этого фактора.3. Эмфатические уступительные предложенияImportant as this work is (may be), it does not cover the problem on the whole.Какой бы важной ни была эта работа, она не охватывает данную проблему в целом.However complicated the problem is, we are to solve it.Какой бы сложной ни была эта проблема, мы должны решить ее.4. Двойное отрицаниеОтрицание not в сочетании с отрицательными приставками прилагательных или наречий un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, dis- усиливает любые члены предложения, кроме подлежащего и дополнения. Такое сочетание переводится словами довольно, весьма, вполне.This is not impossible.Это вполне возможно.This is not uncommon.Это довольно обычно.Вместо отрицания not может стоять выражение by no means.This is by no means unreasonable.Это вполне разумно.5. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit is...that (which, who)Выделяет любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Акцент передается словом именно.It is he who helped me.Именно он помог мне.It is language that enables us to communicate with each other.Именно язык помогает нам общаться друг с другом.6. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit was not until...that Служит для выделения обстоятельства времени. Переводится словами только; только тогда, когда; только после.It was not until 1992 that the book was published.Книга была опубликована только в 1992 году.It was not until his book was published for the second time, that it became widely known.Только после того, как его книга была опубликована во второй раз, она стала хорошо известной.Вариантом этой конструкции является сочетание not... until after.His book was not published until after the war.Его книга была опубликована только после войны.УПРАЖНЕНИЯЧАСТЬ 1Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык. We did apply mathematical methods. A theorist does need to know experimental techniques. Not only does science explain natural phenomena but it also finds ways for their practical application. Not only does scientific information grow quantitatively but it also changes qualitatively. Not only was the relativity theory an achievement in itself, but it also paved the way for later discoveries. Not only did he collect new data but he also interpreted them. Not only did he describe the mechanism but he also explained it. Of special interest is his recent theory. Of great value are our recent results. Of prime importance is efficient organization of research. This rate of the reaction is not impossible. This effect is not improbable. It is he who is interested in speeding up the work. It is he who insists on revising the program. It was Rutherford who discovered the atomic nucleus. It is Smith who objects to including this question in the program. It is these experiments that provided the basis for further research. It is these data that deserve special attention. It was not until World War II that antibiotics were first used. It was not until 17th century that the law of gravitation was formulated. It was not until 13th century that the first clock was made. It was not until 1930 that the first nuclear reaction was observed. It was not until 1957 that the first satellite was launched. It was not until 18th century that the first classification of animals and plants was made. It was not until 19th century that the nature of electricity became known. It was not until recently that computers have become widely used. It was not until recently that lasers have found wide application. It was not until recently that the structure of viruses has become known. The theoretical aspects of this phenomenon will not be treated until later. The reaction did not start until the next morning. Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык. He said he would come and he did come. We do not know much of the author. But we do know that all three poems were written by him. Humour is not missing in his work. The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable. To find a poet who is also a literary critic is not unusual nowadays. Not infrequently the primary meaning of a word dies away and the derivative meaning remains. To group these artists into schools is a little pedantic. Yet it is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence. The changes of sound here are not irregular. Not dissimilar effects are found in painting. It is Greek that she wants to study. Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character. The first part of his work did not come out until 1940. Cotton was not introduced to Japan from China until later and wool was unknown. Only in one case do we find a slight difference between the two forms. News about Japan reached Russia relatively late. Not until the 17th century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources. Connected with this phenomenon are also some other types of changes. Lying inside the box was a small ring. The following translations, inadequate as they are, may help to give some idea of the character of this poetry. The two words are not enough alike in sound to cause their confusion, nor do their written symbols look alike enough. Nor can the author resist the temptation of displaying his erudition and introducing foreign words. The compound was prepared in 1865, although it was not recognized as a thiasoleuntil 1879. The theoretical aspects of the phenomenon will not be treated until later. It is not improbable that an inversion of configuration took place. It has not been until recently that the basic assumptions of this theory have been seriously called in question. However, what actually does occur remains obscure. Experiments showed that the starting products did indeed contain impurities. Not only did Osborne isolate many new proteins of vegetable origin, but described them in detail. Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Notable are relatively low sensitivities of that substance. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Important as the decisions were, they did not solve the problem confronting them. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Only recently have we appreciated the potentialities in this field. It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. Plotted on the diagram are the curves of production growth versus automation. The figure of merit, useful criterion as it is, must be used with reserve. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. We failed to estimate the variables, nor do we know how to evaluate the performance of the system. Closely relating to the problem of memory capacity is the problem of miniaturization. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Hardly had this result been ignored. ЧАСТЬ 2Переведите на русский язык. This system does perform well. Electrical Tokamak does not have the typically high magnetic field capacity of other tokamaks, but it does have a relatively large major radius of 5m. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Experience with these systems in high-energy physics is limited. Introductory literature does exist. The above amplitudes do indeed form the triangle of Eq.6. To demonstrate that instability does indeed occur, and to estimate how strong it is, we must compute the eigenvalues of the matrix M. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Instead, not only does the generator produce the correct code automatically, but it also allows hacks such as the propagation of the minus sign to be implemented with just a couple of lines of code. Not always, however, can this limit be used. Not only is there a shift in the diamond line, but it is also split. Not only are well-ordered note-books useful when you write a paper, but the prompt recording of summaries compels you to give critical thought to each experiment at the best time. Also shown is the mass spectrum when the detector material is included in front. Arriving at CERN from Novosibirsk’s Budker Institute are magnets for the two transfer lines. Commonly used in this application would be a common-collection amplifier or a transformer with a high primary-to-secondary turns ratio. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. There is no turning back here, if the called programme terminates, so does this process. Use this device sparingly, however: otherwise you will be in trouble, and so shall I. As it happened, this stacking programme was never used, and neither was the slow extraction. This essay is not a complete text-book on “How to write...”. Neither is it designed to replace existing works on literary style or the editorial directives issued by many journals. However the initial and final hadrons wave-functions, the quantities that describe these hadrons in terms of their quark content, are not perturbatively known, nor do they contain only hard quarks. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Such theories do not in general require any new low-energy CP-violation mechanism, neither do they forbid it. The problem of dealing with soft hadronic physics effects is not unique for calculations of two body decays, nor are the general statements made below about methods and symmetry limits special to those days. Different as Einstein’s and Newton’s theories are, within the solar system their results are almost identical. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Important as this area is, it is not where I want to spend my time in this paper. Slight departures from these expectations are not unlikely. It is the bunched beam that radiates. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. It is this slow superimposed motion which contains “all the FEL physics”. It is this simple renormalizable structure of the Standard Model that has let us derive specific quantitative predictions for experimental results. It is this regenerative function that allows a trigger pulse to push the flip-flop from one stable state to the other. It was Rutherford who realized the need for an accelerator and who encouraged his colleagues Cockroft and Walton to build the first machine for nuclear physics research. It was for this reason that Bosch developed the “Controller Area Network.” It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. II It is the subsequent deexcitation processes that lead to chemical reactions in heterogeneous photocatalysis process. The use of copper dopant, not expected to block the formation of nickel carbide, does result in a strong decrease in cooking and in the formation of “octopus” type carbon at higher dopant levels. It is the growing intensity of this species that accounts for much of the increased center-of-mass of the NMR lineshape with increased alkali content. Conspicuous by its absence in the spectra of all of these catalysts is a sharp peak at 124 ppm corresponding to gaseous CO2. Evaluating this possibility, an XPS study on supported ruthenium catalysts showed that the Ru core-level binding energies do shift upon the addition of alkali salts, and the shifts are similar regardless of the choice of counterion. These results agree well with the earlier work and so do the values reported by Kramer et al. It were researchers in radiation chemistry who first started to look at the mechanism of chemical reactions involving the plasma state. The enhanced oxygen ion diffusion in SCFC does provide superior cathodic performance compared to LSCF at 700ºC. As predicted from model ii, the thio effect for rS does approach 1 at high pH. During exposure to this cycled environment, gradual sintering does occur, but is less rapid than for treatment in a single gas at the same temperature. It does seem, however, that we have reached a point where the picture of chromatin structure, at least in its more elementary aspects, has clarified to the point where a coherent presentation is possible. There does seem to be general agreement concerning the timing of changes in ADP-ribozylation histones during the cell cycle. Proofreading does indeed operate during DNA synthesis. This may be an indication that the possible allosteric effect of pyrophosphate does only occur if the enzyme is acting in a dimer complex. Although some scattering does exist, these data can be reasonably correlated by the following equation. Only for zirconium did they obtain comparable distinctions. It seems, therefore, that in only one of the cases tested does O-methylthreonine take part in an aminoacylation / deacylation cycle. Only subsequently did the viral DNA migrate to the nucleus, where it underwent integration. Also noted in both small and large intestine was the presence of high molecular weight bands. Compared in Fig.9 are the maximum yields in furan and crotonaldehyde from butadiene on these samples as a function of the number of added V atoms. As the surface coverage increases, so does the vapour pressure. There are no reports, to my knowledge, of cytoplasmic methylation of histones. However, neither is there proof, that even type II enzymes are excluded from nuclei in vivo. The sites and extent of this modification are unknown. Nor is it clear whether glycozylation of histones is a general phenomenon or merely a peculiarity of T. I heard Max Delbruck lecture, but I don’t think I understand the significance of who he was, nor was I influenced by him to go into molecular biology. Although the DNA structure is clearly of the B type, present resolution does not allow an exact determination of the number of residues per turn. Nor can the exact number of turns be determined, for the ends of the DNA are not distinct. It is not impossible that one or more substances might have general application. DNA regions with these sequence characteristics are not uncommon in the cellular genome. It is not uncommon for labeling to be spread over a large number of components. It seems not unreasonable that the DNA-EDTA-Fe(II) probes do not bind Watson-Crick DNA in slightly basic solutions and consequently do not produce cleavage under these conditions. It is not unreasonable to assume therefore that below

Приложение 1

Приложение 2

Приложение 3



Упр. 4. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. Сделать выбор трудно. Трудно сделать выбор.

  2. Чтобы сделать выбор, рассмотрим следующую диаграмму.

  3. Трудность состоит в том, чтобы решить эту проблему. Эту проблему следует решить.

  4. Следующий шаг − проверка данных. Данные следует проверить.

  5. Наша цель заключается в том, чтобы обсудить полученные результаты. Данные, которые будут получены, следует обсудить.

  6. Вот список статей, на которые мы ссылались. Вот список статей, на которые будем (надо) ссылаться.

  7. Элементы взаимодействуют друг с другом, давая соединение.

  8. Полученные данные слишком немногочисленны, чтобы принимать их во внимание.

  9. Мы сделали график, чтобы увидеть зависимость.

  10. Конференция пройдет летом (должна).


Упр. 5. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. The temperature was too low for the substance to decompose.

  2. The tendency was for the gas to become ionized.

  3. It is for you to decide.

  4. It is possible for the reaction to occur.

  5. The only conclusion for him to make was the following.

  6. For an observation to be of service two facts must be known.

  7. Here is one more important point for the speaker to explain.

  8. In order for two molecules to react they must be in contact.

  9. A slow molecule is a nearly stationary target for other molecules to hit.

  10. What do you have to take into account for the method to be practicable?


Упр. 6. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. Мне трудно об этом спорить.

  2. Вам важно подкрепить теорию дополнительными экспериментальными данными.

  3. Вам важно поддерживать контакт с биологами.

  4. Необходимо, чтобы реакция была ускорена.

  5. Естественно, что на такой анализ затрачивается около года.

  6. Иногда трудно предвидеть результаты исследования.

  7. Иногда вам трудно предвидеть результаты исследования.

  8. Тенденция такова, что частицы движутся все быстрее.


Упр. 7. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. I want my father to help me.

  2. We expect this book to appear on sale very soon.

  3. I saw him get off the bus.

  4. Historians suppose the name "London" to come from two Celtic words.

  5. In Middle Ages people believed the earth to be the center of the Universe.

  6. First we thought the small island to be uninhabited.

  7. We saw him cross the street and disappear into the building.

  8. During the experiment we saw the temperature fall rapidly.

  9. He expects his colleagues to complete the experiment in time.

  10. They believe the substance to have dissolved.

  11. He considers the conductivity to be due to foreign impurities.

  12. We believe our joint investigation to be fruitful.

  13. We expect our “round table talk” to be useful and mutually advantageous.

  14. Experiments have shown the pressure of a gas at fixed temperature to depend on its concentration.

  15. We thought this law to hold for gases which are under normal conditions.

  16. One may safely expect this prediction to be quite reliable.

  17. I'd like you to make a careful analysis of the available data.

  18. I want you to prepare tables and diagrams.

  19. Some physicists assumed the planets to have been formed from a dust cloud.

  20. They showed these phenomena to be related to solar activity.



Упр. 8. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. Мы считаем, что вопрос решен.

  2. Я полагаю, что эксперимент завершен.

  3. Мы нашли, что температура является определяющим фактором в этом процессе.

  4. Мы считаем, что этот процесс обратим.

  5. Мы полагаем, что этот вывод неверный.

  6. Мы обнаружили, что концентрация частиц изменяется.

  7. Мы считаем, что эти процессы имеют много общего.

  8. Мы полагаем, что анализ данных даст ответ на этот вопрос.

  9. Мы показали, что согласованность результатов − это всего лишь случайное совпадение.

  10. Мы ожидаем, что статьи будут интересными и информативными.


Упр. 9. Продолжите предложения.

  1. Recent investigations have shown

  2. He proved the hypothesis

  3. We assume these changes

  4. He has found the temperature

  5. We consider this process

  6. Most people believe

  7. He reported this factor

  8. We believe this conclusion

  9. Recent experiments have shown

  10. I expect you


Упр. 10. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. The new method is believed to have given good results.

  2. The new method is believed to give good results.

  3. The result is expected to agree with theoretical predictions.

  4. The process is shown to occur regularly.

  5. This hypothesis has been found to disagree with experimental evidence.

  6. There seems to be some confusion of terms in literature.

  7. There appear to exist other sources of energy.

  8. The method is sure to be reliable.

  9. He doesn’t seem to be concerned with this problem.

  10. The reaction is unlikely to take place.


Упр. 11. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. Известно, что климат влияет на характер людей.

  2. Найдено, что результаты этих экспериментов перекрываются.

  3. Данные, как найдено, коррелируют с настоящей теорией.

  4. Случайно оказалось, что он работает над той же самой проблемой.

  5. Эта работа, вероятно, будет способствовать решению проблемы.

  6. Он, по-видимому, упомянет об этой проблеме в своей книге.

  7. Известно, что он основал свою собственную школу.

  8. Он, по-видимому, не занимается этой проблемой.

  9. Этот метод, который, как известно, был разработан профессором Блэком,
    успешно применяется.

  10. По-видимому, существует много возможностей практического применения этого метода.



Упр. 12. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. He proved to be right.

  2. He was proved to be right.

  3. He is said to go to Moscow.

  4. He is said to have gone to Moscow.

  5. Historians appear to know but little of his life.

  6. The religion of the English is stated to be the same as that of the whole German family.

  7. The Island of Britain is known to have been revealed to the Roman world by Julius Caesar in the year 55 B.C.

  8. The peoples of all ancient civilizations are known to have made maps.

  9. Latin was supposed to be the only language worthy of study, and it was studied for a practical end.

  10. The interpretation seemed to be convincing.

  11. The results obtained were found to be in perfect agreement with earlier findings.

  12. The new method is believed to have given good results.

  13. Your advice proved to be helpful.

  14. Gold was proved to be unattacked by moisture.

  15. They are likely to come here.

  16. This phenomenon does not appear to have been studied.

  17. This reaction, however, is not expected to continue indefinitely.

  18. The experiment proved to be a failure.

  19. He is said to be writing a new play.

  20. He is considered to be a most talented chess player.

  21. Tim didn't seem to like the storm.

  22. The storm seemed to be passing over a little now.

  23. One of the fishermen is sure to see the ship when it goes out of the bay.

  24. It seemed to be a kind of map.

  25. To be on the safe side, let's take a copy of the map.

  26. These dungeons seem to run all along under the castle.

  27. The first entrance to the dungeons seems to begin somewhere near the little room and the other seems to start under the tower there.

  28. Tim bared his teeth, but the man didn't seem at all frightened of him.

  29. It's worth while buying the island.

  30. Dick heard one of the men say something about the gold.

  31. Dick heard them pass.

  32. Anne sat on her aunt's knee and listened to George and Julian telling the whole story.

  33. The thing to do is to get the gold away as quickly as possible.

  34. They want to get us all together down in the dungeons.

  35. Many factors are to be taken into consideration to account for this phenomenon.

  36. The Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences was established to make better use of the vast natural resources of this part of the country.

  37. The Moon is thought to have about 30.000 craters.

  38. Our galaxy is thought to have originated about ten thousand million years ago.

  39. There appears to be some correlation between these data.

Упр. 13. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. Мы полагаем, что наше сотрудничество будет плодотворным.

  2. Мы ожидаем, что наш круглый стол будет полезным и взаимовыгодным.

  3. Полагают, что новый метод даст хорошие результаты.

  4. Ожидают, что этот результат будет согласовываться с теоретическими предсказаниями.

  5. Показано, что этот процесс происходит регулярно.

  6. Найдено, что гипотеза не согласуется с экспериментальными результатами.

  7. В литературе, по-видимому, имеется некоторая путаница в терминах.

  8. Он, по-видимому, не занимается этой проблемой.

  9. По-видимому, имеются сотни элементарных частиц.

  10. По-видимому, имеются другие источники энергии, более мощные, чем термоядерные реакции.

  11. Раньше считали, что атом − это твердый шарик.

  12. В 19 веке полагали, что электрон − это единственная частица, меньшая, чем атом.

  13. Считают, что Вселенная расширяется.

  14. Этот подход позволяет преодолеть некоторые трудности.


Упр. 14. Продолжите предложения.

  1. We expect the government

  2. We believe the President

  3. The USA President is known

  4. The Sultan of Brunei is considered

  5. Robin Hood was known

  6. We know Shakespeare

  7. The Queen of Great Britain is assumed

  8. Charlie Chaplin is regarded

  9. We consider

  10. The Loch Ness monster seems (doesn't seem)

  11. The concept is shown

  12. The process was found

  13. This approach was demonstrated

  14. The situation proved

  15. The effect is thought

  16. The problem seems

  17. The method is considered

  18. The events are known

  19. The idea turned out

  20. He is certain

  21. The experiment is likely

  22. This fact is unlikely

  23. The new technique does not seem

  24. This planet is likely

  25. This conclusion does not appear


Упр. 15. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. The purpose of my paper is to analyze the data obtained.

  2. We are to analyze the data.

  3. The method to be chosen depends on many factors.

  4. The idea is to develop a special apparatus for the experiment to be carried out in our lab.

  5. There seem to be thousands of such compounds.

  6. He is said to have discovered this phenomenon.

  7. Their efforts have not been reported to give any definite results.

  8. We know him to have established a school of his own.

  9. We know him to have objected to this style of research.

  10. We do not expect him to throw the opportunity like this.

  11. The results of these experiments are found to overlap.

  12. He does not appear to be concerned with the problem.

  13. The results turned out to be not what he had expected.

  14. By that time the young man thought to be a brilliant physicist had left the laboratory.

  15. For scientific development to be of benefit for man, scientists must occupy themselves with problems that have direct bearing on our lives.

  16. For an idea to be transformed into a product, many people's effort is required.

  17. Some scientists occupy themselves primarily with problems likely to have direct bearing on the lives of people.

  18. The scientist reported to have spent five years on the problem finally gave it up.

  19. The data are assumed to correlate with the present theory.

  20. He happened to work at the same problem.

  21. The model is unlikely to fit well.

  22. The advantages of such an approach are evident enough to be taken for granted.


ТЕСТ
Выберите нужную форму глагола.
1. Young people often fail … a well-paid job.
a) finding c) to find

b) find d) in finding
2. The English colony, Plymouth in Massachusetts, is known … by the Pilgrims

who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620.
a) to be established c) to have been establishing

b) to have established d) to have been established
3. Look, they are likely … to the news.
a) to be listening c) to have been listening

b) to listen d) to have listened
4. Everybody heard him … that in so many words.
a) to say c) to have said

b) say d) to be said
5. When I came in, the discussion seemed … to an end.
a) to have been coming c) to come

b) to be coming d) to have come
6. While I was going home I heard the bomb …. .
a) exploding c) explode

b) exploded d) to explode

7. The doctors don’t allow …. .
a) him to smoke c) for him to smoke

b) to smoke d) him smoke
8. They expected the meeting … in a conference hall.
a) to hold c) holding

b) to be held d) to be holding
9. What makes him … so jealous of his friends’ success?
a) to be c) be

b) being d) to have been

10. Her parents never let her … a flat.
a) renting c) to renting

b) to rent d) rent
11. I want my cousin … the work as soon as possible.
a) finishing c) finishes

b) to finish d) finish

12. When he entered the lab he watched the assistant … measurements of the sample.
a) in making c) make

b) to make d) made

13. Water was considered … an element.
a) being c) to be

b) be d) is

14. The Greeks seem … the first lens.
a) to manufacture c) manufacture

b) to have manufactured d) to be manufacturing
15. They appear … strong ionization.
a) to have applied c) to have been applied

b) apply d) to be applied
16. Only a limited number of reactions are known … by light.
a) to influence c) to be influencing

b) have influenced d) to be influenced
17. They can hardly be said … this phenomenon.
a) discover c) discovering

b) to have discovered d) to be discovered

ЧАСТЬ 2
Переведите на русский язык.



  1. To solve this problem is to make the bash shell automatically logout after not being used for a period of time.

  2. The aim of this paper is to perform spectral analysis of the Lockman Hole sources.

  3. The purpose of this paper is not to describe in detail the converters which are used for the necessary conversions, but to demonstrate how it is possible to synthesize different converter structures.

  4. Another approach is to measure the betatron frequency as the beam intensity is varied.

  5. The goal is to calculate the electric and magnetic fields of the radiation received by an observer.

  6. Mixing matter with antimatter may enable materials to be examined in unprecedented detail.

  7. This allowed certain of the high-level reconstruction results to be stored after computation.

  8. The discovery of the Lyman alpha break in the spectrum of high-redshift objects enables more and more high-redshift galaxies to be recognized.

  9. The spin rotator can be considered as a very large defect which causes the spin –orbit coupling integrals to become large.

  10. Alternatively, the excitation energy of the atom may be transferred directly to one of the outer electrons, causing it to be ejected from the atom.

  11. The sample of material to be studied is vaporized and ionizes.

  12. The transitions to be discussed do not change the quantum number n and we may therefore limit ourselves to functions of the form.

  13. Another effect to be taken into account is bremstrahlung, causing heavy energy losses of electrically charged particles of smaller mass.

  14. This unit is called for reasons, to be discussed later, radiation length.

  15. This was the first accelerator to have the entire magnet evacuated.

  16. The operation of any radiation detector basically depends on the manner in which the radiation to be detected interacts with the material of the detector itself.

  17. In order to get a large enough kick to cause depolarization the beam must go through many revolutions.

  18. To understand it a minimum knowledge of the terminology of graph theory is necessary.

  19. We also use the facility in a vacuum vessel to avoid the effects of air turbulence.

  20. We have checked that the fit windows are small enough so as not to introduce a systematic bias from this procedure.

  21. In the meantime, several textile machinery manufacturers have joined together to form the “CAN Textile Users Group”.

  22. Now restart your network for the change to take effect.

  23. However, for the system to function properly, the power supply must be synchronized to the system clock.

  24. An alternative approach to protecting privacy is to make it difficult, if not impossible, for anyone to collect the information.

  25. The cluster seller expects AMD chips to be used increasingly often in the future.

  26. In general, for typical storage rings, we expect depolarizing effects to be at their smallest when the orbit of the particles in the ring is flat and goes through the centre of all quadruple magnets.

  27. Since this effect is the result of a short detector, one would expect these angular effects to be absent in the longer 155-module detector, on which a particle is unlikely to channel for the entire length.

  28. This finding was found to be independent of substrate temperature.

  29. For calculation of the pseudo masses all tracks are assumed to originate from charged pions.

  30. The method was reported to be used to monitor on-line industrial processes.

  31. The pulsed mode of gun operation was expected to improve the situation.

  32. The quasi-stellar objects are thought to be associated with the growth of big black holes in the inner parts of the first galaxies.

  33. Details of the beam pulse shape are not found to be important in predicting the electron density at the end of the ion beam pulse.

  34. The assertion of homogeneity seems to be so important that it was called “the cosmological principle”.

  35. The rest of the grains appeared to be much smaller than 100 nm.

  36. In addition, there appears to be some disagreement between the measurement and the calculation.

  37. Similar conclusion proves to be correct for all other models discussed above.

  38. Kaon decays may still prove to be a valuable source of new information on some of the remaining fundamental questions in particle physics.

  39. The Breit-Wigner formulation turns out to approximate locally this real part by a constant which corresponds to the mass given in the Review of Particle Properties.

  40. To our knowledge, only those ions which happen to be present in the scattering volume have a certain chance to enter the analyzer.

  41. Sources that are physically thicker are subject to “self-absorption”, which is likely to affect both the number and the energy spectrum of the radiations that emerge from its surface.

  42. This is, at the moment, only a hypothetical particle and is unlikely to be detected experimentally for many years to come.

  43. Analytic calculations of the scaling of the free-mode energy in this context do not appear to have been undertaken.

  44. In practice however a wiggler is likely to contain multipole field errors that can give rise to further beam dynamics effects.

  45. At this year’s International Astronomical Union conference in Manchester, attention was focused on new high-resolution studies of some of the most energetic objects known to exist.

  46. The physics of hadrons was a topic of intense study long before the gauge field theory of quantumchromodynamics (QCD) now believed to describe it completely was invented.

  47. To summarize, the spin-orbital vector becomes large on resonance, causing a significant reduction of polarization.

  48. To be on the safe side, the latter is used as the final systematic error.

  49. Many general reference works are available concerning this broad topic, the classic text by Evans, to mention only one, has served as a standard reference over several decades.









    1. Both catalysts have been shown to be effective in producing syngas.

    2. Doping with traces of sulphur or with small amounts of metals that concentrate on the nickel surface is found to reduce significantly the formation of coke.

    3. Industrial operating conditions are adjusted to avoid coking on the basis of such calculations.

    4. The benefit to be obtained makes such control more than worthwhile.

    5. Carbides are known to be formed on cobalt and iron under similar conditions.

    6. To minimize the amount of dopant needed, attention was focused on metals of the correct electronic structure.

    7. The Chinese were the first to recognize the advantages of adding heavier rare earth oxides to the catalyst.

    8. For renewable fuels to be successful in the market, they must have similar properties to conventional fuels.

    9. The first theory to explain the chemical effects of plasma was “cluster theory” proposed by Lind in 1928.

    10. A transition that is forbidden by the selection rules is expected to have no absorption intensity, and it will therefore be unlikely to cause photochemical conversions which involve the excitation of such a transition.

    11. These methoxide ions could either react with water to form methanol or they could decompose to form formaldehyde.

    12. One of the objectives of this study was to demonstrate that the active state of molybdenum was Mo2C.

    13. Variation of the original purging conditions allows a distinction to be drawn between sites on which hydrogen atoms are strongly absorbed and those on which they are weakly held.

    14. A full analysis of the large SSITKA data is too complex to yield any unambiguous conclusions and thus was not attempted.

    15. IA mixed conducting oxide provides multiple pathways for the oxygen ions to migrate to the electrode/electrolyte interface.

    16. It is possible to solve the crystal structures of the co-crystallized complexes of trypsin.

    17. Our goal is to achieve binding to 12 base pairs at subnanomolar concentrations.

    18. The main aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the micellar environment upon the structure of three related enzymes.

    19. Such specific deletions and insertions are not always easy to obtain.

    20. Protein-DNA binding is terribly important, but chemically extremely complicated to predict.

    21. The decrease in dehydrogenation selectivity as the conversation increases is to be expected due to secondary reactions.

    22. Such a detailed view of the active site in the ternary complex allows us to propose a two-metal ion mechanism for the nucleotiolyl transfer reaction.

    23. The affinity cleaving method allows the effect of reaction conditions, probe length, and single base mismatches on triple helix formation to be analyzed on high-resolution gel electrophoresis.

    24. In addition, the chemical reactions allow one to assign interactions to specific atoms and to distinguish secondary interactions from tertiary ones.

    25. The techniques of cloning enable single recombinant molecules of DNA to be selected and amplified and hence relatively rare events can be identified almost as easily as more common events.

    26. The high mischarging capacity of the tRNAVal preparation enabled us to carry out the first initial rate kinetic studies in a misacylation reaction.

    27. Removal of a nylon adherent T cell population from the poly-treated cell population will permit an immune response to take place.

    28. To probe how long a stretch of DNA the polyamides can recognize, the chemists constructed a series of dimers of varying length.

    29. A similar approach was used to control synthesis of various proteins.

    30. She and her collaborators are using nickel and cobalt complexes to probe the conformation of guanine residues in DNA and RNA structures.

    31. In order to test the importance of sequence similarity for triple helix formation and cleavage, we synthesized two probes.

    32. To determine the partitioning of enzyme between these two template-primers, activity on the homopolymeric substrates was followed.

    33. DNA fingerprints can also be used to study chromosome and DNA changes in cancer.

    34. It has been maintained that, in general, these hydrolysis rates are too low to account for the observed specificities, and that the hydrolysis is nonspecific.

    35. It was determined that the reaction of both axially and nonaxially liganded porphyrines was too rapid to be measured by either method.

    36. Neither fragment contains enough of the anticodon helix to form internal hydrogen bonds.

    37. The kinetic and structural data may be combined to give the following qualitative description of the mechanism.

    38. Sulfur dioxide reacted slowly upon a water suspension of p-benzoquinone-dibenzenesulfonimide to reduce it gradually to the diamide.

    39. 2,3-Diphenylmercapto-p-benzoquinonedibenzimide added hydrogen chloride to give the 2,3-diphenylmercapto-5-chloro diamide.

    40. More significant for the work to follow, however, were Miescher’s subsequent investigations.

    41. Ura-DNA glycosylase was the first of many DNA glycosylases to be discovered in extracts of E coli.

    42. In this catalytic pathway ATP is the first substrate to be added to the enzyme, isoleucine the second and tRNAIle the third one, pyrophosphate is the first product to be released, isoleucyl-tRNA the second and AMP the last one.

    43. Gordon et al. were the first to systematically examine the behaviour of nucleosomes in a very dilute salt solution.

    44. Here the olygonucleotide is designed to pair with sequences on both sides of the sequence to be deleted and again acts as a primer for synthesis of the second DNA strand.

    45. It now seems clear that base-pair sequence not only codes for the proteins to be expressed but also contains vital control information.

    46. Some side reactions are known to occur under these coupling conditions.

    47. The HMG proteins are generally considered to be minor but not insignificant components of chromatin.

    48. Two different excision-repair mechanisms are known to exist for the removal of nonconventional residues from DNA.

    49. The porhyrin was found to crystallize in the space group and to have a precise center of symmetry.

    50. The rate of transcription is thought to be about 60 nucleotides per second.

    51. This period of time before all division is believed to ensure complete repair of DNA.

    52. Pyroglutamate is known to be formed from both glutamate and glumatine by enzymatic as well as nonenzymatic cyclization of these amino acids.

    53. FSBI is expected to bind only to the catalytic site of F1, as ITP does, which brings additional evidence that Tyr 345 is at catalytic site.

    54. Since benzoate is not expected to quench the tryplet of benzophenon, this result indicates that the triplet state is not directly involved in cleavage.

    55. Thus, the complex seems to be reversible.

    56. In this regard, clusters of charged residues seem to be a frequent feature of the epitopes bound by autoantibodies.

    57. However, the exact structures attached to the antibody seem to vary with both the particular cell line and the growth condition.

    58. The high molecular RNAse seems to be distinct from the low molecular mass RNAse present in milk plasma.

    59. At first glance it seems to be unusual that a structural analogue of ATP and an analogue of isoleucine cause the same affects.

    60. The second possibility seems to be unlikely since preincubation of the enzyme at 37C in the reaction buffer prior to the assay did not eliminate the lag.

    61. For isoleucyl-tRNA-synthetase, a proofreading process seems to be necessary because tRNAVal and tRNAIle are perhaps very similar in their recognition sites.

    62. The model differs from most of the former models by the fact, that the binding site does not exactly seem to be adjusted to the length of the threonine side chain.

    63. On the other hand, there seem to be cases where IFTA assumption works well, even if cycles appear.

    64. Core-containing minisatellites appear to be recombination hotspots.

    65. In the absence of a resistance gene, however, compatibility appears to be basic.

    66. More recently, Nielsen et al. have reported on a highly modified oligonucleotide structure that appears to bind to DNA with very high affinity.

    67. Demeclocicline appears to be the most phototoxic according to clinical studies.

    68. There appeared to be present very small amounts of isomers which were not isolated or identified.

    69. T cells do not appear to be required for the nitrogenic effect.

    70. Of these eukaryotic cellular polymerases, DNA polymerase, which has been suggested to be involved in DNA repair, appears to be the most useful in elucidating the structure-function relationships.

    71. For Zn2 a more even distribution between the N-1 and N-7 sites of adenosine appears to occur, while Mn2 possibly prefers the N-1 site.

    72. 58. For a more detailed investigation of the DNA folding process, electro-optical techniques proved to be useful.

    73. The use of modified tRNAs which have proved to be a valuable tool in other areas was the basis for these investigations.

    74. Sometimes a chloroform solution of hydrozoic acid proved to be advantageous.

    75. One evening in February 1973, we happened to look closely at some negatively stained nuclei.

    76. The core sequence is most unlikely to be the sole mediator of recombination.

    77. Mutation is more likely to impair the expression of genetic information than to restore it.

    78. Weber and Salemme observed only right-handed cylinders in the study of proteins known to form fourfold L-helical bundles.

    79. By contrast, the holoenzyme was discovered as a biochemical manifestation of factors known to play important roles in the regulation of transcription in vivo.

    80. It seems hardly coincidental that viral reverse transcriptase is the only DNA polymerase of mammalian origin known to possess an associated exonuclease activity.

    81. Lindberg’s results, together with the present data, show the protein to be a single chain of about 270 residues with leucine at the NH2-terminal position and two disulfide bonds.

    82. For such investigations to be informative, the experimental dependence of the fraction of nucleosomes packed in the higher-order structure on the amount of bound H1 must be determined.

    83. For reaction to occur the carbonyl oxygen must swing into the hydrogen bonding site between Ser-195 and Gly-193 and the bound water molecule must attack the carbonyl carbon.

    84. For nucleophilic catalysis to be efficient, the nucleophil must be more nucleophilic than the one it replaces, and the intermediate must be more reactive than the parent compound.

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