Файл: evstifeeva_m_v_teoreticheskaya_fonetika_angliiskogo_yazyka_l.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 05.12.2019
Просмотров: 21025
Скачиваний: 709
105
National variants of the language evolve from conditions of regional,
economic, political and cultural concentration which characterize the for-
mation of a nation. They may have considerable differences, but nume-
rous common features prove that they still belong to the system of one
and the same language. Speaking of English, there is a great diversity of
its spoken realizations in different regions of the world, particularly in
terms of pronunciation.
British English and American English prove to be the two main na-
tional variants of the English language. They serve the bases for all other
national variants in the English-speaking world. On the ground of politi-
cal, geographical and cultural unity the following two groups of national
variants may be distinguished:
1) the British-based group, including English English, Welsh Eng-
lish, Scottish English, Irish English, Australian English, New
Zealand English;
2) the American-based group, including United States English and
Canadian English.
Some foreign linguists (P. Trudgill, J. Hannah, A. Hughes, and others)
consider that Scottish English and Irish English stand apart from these two
groups. Russian phoneticians (M.A. Sokolova, K.P. Ghintovt, T.F. Leon-
tyeva, and others) suppose that English English, Welsh English, Scottish
English and Northern Irish English should be better combined into the
British English subgroup on the ground of political, geographical, cultural
unity which brought more similarities than differences for these pronun-
ciation variants.
Every national variant of the language falls into smaller regional dia-
lects, distinguished from each other by differences in pronunciation,
grammar and vocabulary.
The reference to pronunciation differences only presupposes the use
of the term ‘accent’. The two types of accents are usually distinguished:
— local accents, which reveal peculiarities in pronunciation used by
smaller language communities in a particular district;
— area accents, which unite common pronunciation features of seve-
ral local accents.
For certain extralinguistic reasons one of the dialects gradually be-
comes the standard language of the nation and its accent is acknowledged
106
as the standard pronunciation model. Still this standard is not homoge-
neous throughout the country and may have certain variations.
American English and British English have separated more than a cen-
tury ago. Nowadays these are the two most widely used national variants of
English, each of them possessing its own standards in all language systems.
It’s important to note that pronunciation standards are not perma-
nently fixed and undergo constant changes under the influence of various
internal and external factors. Teaching practice should follow the rules of
the most widely accepted pronunciation model.
2.2. British English
The term ‘
British English
’ is generally used nowadays as the syno-
nym of ‘English English’, the national variant used in England and con-
trasted to American English.
There are two groups of accents in English English, which may be
further divided into smaller groups of area accents, each of them consist-
ing of local accents.
1. The Southern accent group includes:
— Southern accents (Greater London, Cockney, Surray, Kent, Es-
sex, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire);
— East Anglia accents (Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cam-
bridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Leicestershire);
— South-West accents (Gloucestershire, Avon, Somerset, Wilt-
shire).
2. The Northern and Midland accent group includes:
— Northern accents (Northumberland, Durham, Cleveland);
— Yorkshire accents (North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, South
Yorkshire);
— North-West accents (Lancashire, Cheshire);
— West Midland accents (Birmingham, Wolverhampton).
In the course of language development London local accent became
the pronunciation standard in the 19
th
century. It was acknowledged as the
107
Re
ceived Pronunciation (RP)
. The use of this pronunciation type
marked the speaker as the representative of high society. For a long time
RP has been referred to as “King’s (Queen’s) English”, it characterized
the speech of aristocracy and the court. The spread of education gradu-
ally modified the characteristics of this accent in the direction of social
standards. Received Pronunciation was taught at public schools and used
in the best society by cultured people. It has become a social marker, a
prestigeous accent of an educated Englishman. Nowadays only about
5%
of the population in Britain speaks RP, though it is still regarded as a
conservative model for correct pronunciation, particularly for educated
formal speech.
The wide distribution of radio and television caused considerable
changes in the sound system of the present-day English, and there ap-
peared a new pronunciation model —
the ВВС English
. This is the pro-
nunciation of professional BBC newsreaders and announcers. It is based
on RP, but also takes into consideration modern linguistic situation and
thus becomes more flexible and true-to-life. Moreover, the wide spread
audio-visual means of mass communication make it accessible to general
public. The last edition of English Pronouncing Dictionary fixes the BBC
accent as the most broadly-based pronunciation model accent for modern
English.
The remarkable systemic modifications in the standard can be men-
tioned both in the vowel and consonant systems in the course of the last
century.
I.
Vowel changes include the following:
1. increasing diphthongization of the historically long vowels [i:] and
[u:];
2. frequent lengthening of a historically short vowel [æ];
3. gradual monophthongization of some diphthongs:
— [au],
[aı] followed by neutral
[ǩ] are smoothed (
power
[pauǩ]
→
[paǩ],
fire
[faıǩ]
→
[faǩ]);
— [oǩ], [uǩ] are pronounced like long [o:] or short
[ɔ] with an
[ǩ]-
shade (
poor
[puǩ]
→
[po:]/[pɔǩ]);
— [εǩ] is levelled to long [ǩ:] (
careful
[‘kεǩful] → [‘kǩ:ful]);
108
4. mutual vowel interchanges:
— between diphthongs [ou] and [ǩu] (
phone
[foun]/[fǩun],
note
[nout]/[nǩut];
— between monophthongs [æ] and [a] (
have
[hæv]/[hav],
dance
[dans]/[dæns]).
II.
Consonant changes include the following:
1. gradual loss of the voiced/voiceless distinctions in certain positions:
— increasing devoicing of final voiced stops (
dog
[dog]
→ [dok],
cab
[kæb] → [kæp]);
— voicing of intervocalic [t] (
letter
['letǩ]
→
['ledǩ]);
2. loss of final
[ŋ] and initial [h] in rapid speech (
He saw her sitting there
[hi· →so: hз· 'sıtıŋ
ðεǩ]
→ [i: →so: з· 'sıtın
ðεǩ];
3. wide usage of typical elements of the American pronunciation:
— dark [l] instead of [l] (
believe
[bı'lıv]
→ [bı'lıv]);
— palatalized [k] in final positions (
quick
[kwık] → [kwık’]);
— linking and intrusive [r] (
far
z
away
,
the idea
z
of
);
III.
Combinative changes generally concern the pronunciation of [j]
in certain phonetic contexts, which include:
— loss of [j] before [u:] (
student
['stju:dnt] → ['stu:dnt],
suit
[sju:t]
→ [su:t]), sometimes accompanied with palatalization of the pre-
vious consonant (
Tuesday
['tju:zdı] → ['t∫u:zdı]);
— intrusion of [j] before [u:] after [l] (
illuminant
[ı'lu:mınǩnt]
→
[ı'lju:mınǩnt]);
— change of [j] by other sounds in original combinations [tj], [dj],
[sj] (
factual
['fæktjuǩl]
→
['fækt∫uǩl],
graduate
['grædjuǩıt]
→
['græʤuǩt],
issue
['isju:]
→ ['i∫u:].
Other combinative changes gradually follow the general tendencies
of assimilation and reduction.
These are variations which get systemic representation in modern
British English pronunciation. There are also non-systemic variations in
standard pronunciation which appear in different accents, but they are too
numerous and need a separate consideration.
109
2.3. American English
The development of American English began with the settlement of the
first British colonists in the North American continent. In the course of its
formation American English has undergone the influence of many other lan-
guages spoken by the Native Americans (the Indians), by the immigrants
from Ireland, Spain, France, Holland, Germany, by the Negroes. Nowadays
the impact of Spanish and Chinese is easily felt in American English.
As for American pronunciation, it’s not homogeneous at all. The
three main regional types of pronunciation are distinguished: eastern,
southern and western.
1. The Eastern type is spoken in New England and New York. It re-
sembles Southern accents of British English and includes:
— the cases of linking and intrusive [r];
— initial [hw] (
which
[hwıt∫]);
— monophthongization of diphthongs with
[ǩ]-glide (
fierce
[fıǩs]
→
[fi:s]).
2. The Southern type is spoken in Southern and South-Eastern states and
is characterized by a specific Southern drawl. It is a vowel drawl,
which causes:
— diphthongization of pure monophthongs (
egg
[eg] → [eig],
yes
[jes] → [jeis]);
— monophthongization of original diphthongs (
eight
[eıt]
→ [ε:t],
drain
[dreın]
→ [drε:n]).
3. The Western type is spoken in Western and central Atlantic states. It
is characterized by the so-called ‘Western burr’. This phenomenon
includes:
— the pronunciation of retroflexed vowels with r-colouring in the
middle of the word (
bird
[bǩ:rd],
worm
[wǩ:rm],
first
[fǩ:rst],
card
[ka:rd],
port
[po:rt]);
— the pronunciation of retroflexed [r] in the final position (
far
[far],
here
[hıǩr]).
A.D. Schweitzer offers to divide these types of pronunciation into 2 groups
on the basis of the presence or absence of the Western burr. These are: