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the following characteristics are the first to attract attention: the speech
tamber, delimitation and accentuation of semantic centers.
1. Speech tamber is a special voice colouring, which shows the speaker’s
attitude to the situation of communication. Its interpretation is usually
combined with non-verbal communication markers, like movements
of face or body parts.
2. Delimitation refers to the number, length and character of pauses.
They divide an oral text into larger units, like phonopassages in
monologues or semantic blocks in dialogues. These are furtheron di-
vided into smaller units, like phrases and intonation groups. Thus the
emotional state of the speaker and his preparedness to the conver-
sation are revealed.
3. Accentuation of semantic centers denotes a special prominence given
to the parts of the utterance which the speaker supposes to have a
considerable functional value. They are contrasted with the help of
intonation and the degree of contrast serves the marker of the style.
All in all, phonetic factors realized in different styles include su-
prasegmental variations of pitch direction, pitch range, pitch level, loud-
ness, tempo (by means of pauses and speech rate), rhythm and positional
modifications of segmental phonemes. But it’s necessary to remember
that realization of these phonetic variations is exercised only together
with lexical and grammatical ones in the process of oral transmission of
ideas by verbal means.
3.2. Classification of phonetic styles
There is no generally accepted classification of phonetic styles. Still
it is possible to distinguish the main approaches to this classification.
I.
Some linguists try to unite the classification of phonetic styles with
that of
functional styles
. For instance, S.M. Gaiduchic distinguishes the
following styles of pronunciation: solemn, scientific business, official
business, everyday, familiar. These phonetic styles correlate with func-
tional styles of the language differentiated on the basis of different spheres
of discourse.
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But there are certain lacks in this approach, because oral texts referred
to different functional styles may have identical phonetic features. Thus,
an extract from a piece of prose or an advertisement does not reveal any
phonostylistic differences if read aloud with the same pragmatic aim.
II.
Another group of phoneticians suggests that the classification of pro-
nunciation styles should be based on different degrees of formality and fami-
liarity between the speaker and the listener. For example, J.A. Dubovsky
suggests the following phonetic styles: informal ordinary, formal neutral,
formal official, informal familiar, declamatory.
The degree of familiarity may be also combined with the
number of
listeners
. Thus, L.V. Shcherba suggests the existence of only two styles of
pronunciation: the colloquial style characteristic of people’s quiet talk, and
the full style used in distinct public speech. On the same basis A.D. Jones
distinguishes: the rapid familiar style, the slower colloquial style, the
natural style addressed to a fair-sized audience, the acquired style of the
stage, and the acquired style of singing.
The theories stated above are suitable for presenting texts for descrip-
tion and analysis, but they still don’t create a symmetrical classification
of speech acts.
III.
A different view is presented by the linguists, who consider the
problem of phonostylistic classification in connection with
style-forming
factors
. For instance, M.A. Sokolova singles out five intonational styles
according to the purpose of communication: informational style, aca-
demic (scientific) style, publicistic style, declamatory style, conversational
(familiar) style. The use of each of these styles results in evident varia-
tions of suprasegmental phonetic units.
This approach makes up a rather adequate system of phonostylistic
varieties, but still differentiation of intonation according to the purpose of
communication is not enough. There are other factors that affect intona-
tion in various situations. Moreover, the changes of the segmental units
are not clearly defined.
It’s possible to say that the question of phonostylistic classification is
still open in modern linguistics, as the peculiarities of different styles of
pronunciation have not yet been sufficiently investigated. But no matter
which classification is taken into account, it’s always necessary to remem-
ber that any style is seldom realized in its pure form. Every oral text presents
a fusion of styles and includes different phonostylistic characteristics.
117
Seminar 8
1. State the difference between the spoken and written language
forms.
2. Can spoken language be the object of theoretical investigation?
Why? / Why not?
3. What factors influence pronunciation?
4. Define the object of phonovarianthology.
5. What is your idea of the national variant of a language? How do they
appear?
6. What groups of national variants of the English language are distin-
guished? List variants included into each of them. Name the most
widely used national variants of English.
7. What is meant by the terms ‘dialect’ and ‘accent’? What types of
accents do you know?
8. How can you define the term ‘national pronunciation standard’?
Give reasons for the fact that it is not homogeneous.
9. Speak about the origin and development of RP. Is it relevant nowa-
days?
10. Prove that the BBC English can be considered a new pronunciation
model. What factors caused its appearance?
11. What components of the pronunciation system of English are sub-
jected to changes? Give an account of:
a) the main changes in vowels;
b) the main changes in consonants;
c) combinative changes.
12. What types of American pronunciation are distinguished? Explain
the peculiarities of each type.
13. Give arguments pro and contra the treatment of GA as a standard
pronunciation type in American English.
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14. Comment on the main peculiarities of American pronunciation. Dis-
cuss specific features in:
a) vowel pronunciation;
b) consonant pronunciation;
c) placement of stress and intonation patterns.
15. Is it possible to consider certain peculiarities observed in the pro-
nunciation of foreign speakers as the rise of new variants of Eng-
lish? Explain your point of view.
16. What is the object of phonostylistics?
17. Name the main components of speech communication and prove
their interrelation.
18. State the difference between the style-forming and style-differenti-
ating factors.
19. Give the classification of style-forming factors. Which factor is the
most significant? Why?
20. Give an overview of other style-forming factors.
21. What variations do the style-differentiating factors imply? Give a
brief characterization.
22. Is it possible to determine the style of speech according to phonetic
variations only? Why? / Why not?
23. Speak about different classifications of phonetic styles. Discuss this
problem in connection with:
a) functional styles;
b) degrees of formality and familiarity;
c) style-forming factors.
24. Which of these classifications is the most relevant in your opinion?
Give your reasons.
25. Comment on the following statement: ‘any style is seldom realized
in its pure form’.
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P A R T II
Practical Exercises