Файл: evstifeeva_m_v_teoreticheskaya_fonetika_angliiskogo_yazyka_l.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 05.12.2019
Просмотров: 21024
Скачиваний: 709
110
— the non-rhotic group pronounced without Western burr, which
includes the Eastern and Southern types of pronunciation;
— General American pronunciation with Westen burr, which in-
cludes the Western type of pronunciation.
Some linguists treat
General American (GA)
as a standard pronun-
ciation type, because it is spoken by the majority of Americans. It is true
that GA is used in the states, which constitute about
90% of all the terri-
tory of the USA. It is also frequently heard from professional voices on
national media (radio, television, movies, CDs, etc.).
But many linguists state that no dialect can be singled out as an Ame-
rican standard, because different types of pronunciation are constantly
mixed and even professionally trained speakers retain their regional pro-
nunciation features.
The peculiar situation with the absence of the codified pronunciation
standard is intensified with the specific status of the English language in
the USA. It is not fixed in the Federal Constitution as the official lan-
guage of the United States, though it really is.
Still American pronunciation is different from RP. American English
possesses a set of systemic peculiarities both among the segmental and
suprasegmental units.
The segmental peculiarities include:
1. Specific pronunciation of vowel phonemes:
— absence of clear distinction between short and long vowels (
sit/
seat
[sı·t],
pull/pool
[pu·l];
— existence of only 5 diphthongs, compared to 8 in RP — [eı], [aı],
[oı], [au], [ou], while other diphthongs are treated as biphonemic
combinations;
— rhotic pronunciation of vowels before [r] in all positions (
turn
[tǩ:rn],
star
[sta:
r]);
— ‘nasal twang’ — nasalization of vowels preceded or followed by
nasal consonants (
stain
,
small
,
name
,
stand
,
time
,
any
,
make
);
— pronunciation of [æ] instead of [a] before a consonant or a cluster
(
class
,
after
,
path
,
dance
,
plant
,
grass
,
bath
,
half
);
— pronunciation of [a] instead of [o] (
dog
,
body
,
shot
,
hot
) and a
complete loss of long [o:] (
cot
[kat] vs.
caught
[kot]);
111
— monophthongization of diphthongs and diphthongization of
monophthongs, including the reverse pronunciation of [ı] and [aı]
(
civilization
[
'
sıvılı'zeı∫n]
→ [
'
sıvılaı'zeı∫n],
direct
[dı'rekt]
→
[daı'rekt],
specialization
[
'
spe∫ıǩlı'zeı∫n] → [
'
spe∫ıǩlaı'zeı∫n];
si
-
multaneous
[
'
sımǩl'teınjǩs] → [
'
saımǩl'teınjǩs]);
2. Specific pronunciation of consonant phonemes:
— loss of [t] after [n] in the middle of the word (
twenty
['twenı],
wanted
['wonıd],
winter
['wınǩ]);
— flapping — pronunciation of [t] like [d] in the intervocalic posi-
tion and before [l] (
bitter
,
battle
,
little
);
— existence of only dark shade of [l] (
look
[źuk],
lamp
[źæmp],
luck
[ź
∧
k]);
— omittance of [j] between a consonant or a vowel [u:] (
news
[nu:z],
tube
[tu:b],
during
['du:rıŋ]).
The supra-segmental peculiarities generally concern word stress and
include:
— placement of stress on the final syllable instead of the initial one
in words of French origin (
ballet
[bæ'leı]);
— placement of stress on the first element in compound words
('
weekend
, '
hotdog
);
— existence of tertiary stress in polysyllabic words with suffixes
-ory
,
-ary
,
-mony
(
laboratory
['læbrǩ
'
torı],
secretary
['sekrǩ
'
tǩrı],
ceremony
['serǩ
'
monı]).
American intonation patterns on the whole are similar to those of RP.
The differences generally convey emotional and attitudinal meaning. For
example, the intonation contour of a general question is neutral if it is
used in RP. In General American it conveys the meaning of surprise or
reserved curiosity:
I’ve ordered s
om
e oysters for dinner
. —
Do you
/
like them?
2.4. Spread of English
Nowadays the English language is spoken all over the world. The
process of modern intercultural relations demands the use of English as
112
the language of world communication. This results in constant interrela-
tion of English with other world languages. That’s why linguists state that
new variants of English appear in the countries which originally do not
belong to the English-speaking ones.
The present-day linguistic research data show that besides Australian
English, Canadian English, New Zealand English, certain regular pecu-
liarities can be found in the so-called Indian English, South African Eng-
lish and other languages. Some scientists even speak about such variants
as Japanese English, Mexican English or Russian English, which appear
because of contemporary globalization processes. The possibility to treat
these variations as national variants of English is hotly debated in modern
linguistics and it needs further consideration.
Speaking about Russian English the linguists of this trend use the
term ‘Ruslish’. They state that it is possible to mention certain systemic
modifications of segmental and supra-segmental units of English in the
speech of Russian users of this language.
In case of phonetics, there are typical mistakes usually made by most Rus-
sian speakers both on segmental and suprasegmental levels. For example:
— dental articulation of consonants instead of the apical one (tree [t]
→ [т], day [d] → [д]);
— devoicing of voiced sounds at the end of the word (standard
['stændǩt]);
— absence of secondary stress in polysyllabic words (
six
'
teen
);
— use of rising intonation instead of falling one in detached special
questions (
Where’s my
/
book?
).
These peculiarities have a tendency to fix in the speech of Russian
people because of the influence of the native language.
The problem is whether to treat them as phonetic mistakes or as mani-
festations of a new rising variant of the English language. This question
is still awaiting its solution.
§ 3. Stylistic varieties of English pronunciation
The same word or a sequence of words may be pronounced quite dif-
ferently by different speakers under different circumstances. Thus in
113
rapid colloquial speech the conjuction
and
is frequently pronounced like
[n], but the same word might be pronounced like [ǩnd] in slow everyday
speech or even like [ænd] in a careful serious conversation. In other
words, the pronunciation of speech sounds is greatly determined by the
style of pronunciation. Stylistic variations of pronunciation are quite nu-
merous. They are studied within
phonostylistics
— a comparatively new
branch of linguistics which has links both with phonetics and stylistics.
3.1. Style-forming and style-differentiating factors
Phonostylistics explains the use of definite phonetic features in cer-
tain kinds of extralinguistic contexts, and helps to identify the segmental
and suprasegmental phenomena in order to classify them.
Special extralinguistic analysis shows that speech communication is
connected with the following three factors: the purpose, the participants
and the setting of communication. So the style of communication is de-
termined by these factors as well.
purpose of communication
æ
participants of communication
à
style of communication
setting of communication
ä
Any act of communication presupposes the presence of the speaker
and the listener, whose conversation arises from a certain topic and hap-
pens at a certain place. According to it they use different linguistic means
which result in stylistic variations. Thus the combination of different lin-
guistic and extralinguistic means depends on a number of factors on any
level of linguistic analysis including the phonetic one.
The style of speech can be analyzed from the point of view of style-
forming and style-differentiating factors. The difference between them is
that the first ones concern the production level, while the second ones
relate to the perception level.
I. The
style-forming factors
determine phonostylistic patterns used
on the part of the speaker. According to the degree of their significance
they may be divided into: proper style-forming, style-modifying, and in-
114
cidental factors. They are interdependent and show different phonetic
phenomena as a part of the whole system.
1. The the aim (purpose) of the utterance is the only style-forming factor
which sets the style of conversation.
It is presupposed by the type of activity (working, teaching, pub-
lic speaking, chatting, etc.) and its subject matter. These affect pro-
nunciation and make the speaker select functional phonetic means of
a certain phonostylistic pattern in order to realize the purpose more
effectively.
2. The style-modifying factors are considered to be less important, as
they cause modifications within the style set by the style-forming fac-
tor. They include:
— the speaker’s attitude to the situation realized in numerous intona-
tion varieties and reveals emotions of an individual;
— the form of communication: a monologue or a dialogue, which
need different phonetic organization and imply distinctions in
the possibility of interruption, continuity, ability to participate,
etc.;
— the degree of formality, that reflects the influence of social roles
and relationship on the distinction and precision of articulation;
— the degree of preparedness or spontaneity, which leads to diffe-
rences in the rate of speech and the number of hesitation pauses;
— the kind of speech activity: speaking or reading, presupposed by
the absence or presence of reference to a written text, which has
a decisive influence on the phonetic organization of the utte-
rance.
3. The incidental (concomitant) factors are characteristic of a language
user and cannot much influence on the choice of style.
These are the speaker’s individual characteristics, the temporal
limits of the utterance, the social status, the sex and age of the speaker.
They are not deliberately chosen in the act of communication and are
generally considered to be informative.
II. The
style-differentiating factors
are revealed on the part of the
listener when interpreting the style of a given utterance. The variations of