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125
1) Power mechanism
2) Vibration, resonator and obstruc-
tion mechanisms
126
E
xercise Block 2
#1. Read and transcribe the following groups of words. Compare
the contrasted consonant phonemes.
rip — rib, tap — tab; live — life, save — safe;
bet — bed, sight — side; said — zed, racing — raising;
dog — dock, bug — buck; rich — ridge, search — surge;
verse — worse, vet — wet; sun — sung, ran — rung.
#2. R
e
ad and transcribe the following words. State the difference in
corresponding paired consonant allophones.
pork — rope fork — corn chance — cheese
bark — robe drive — vim just — gist
side — done they — bathe dim — lamp
set — ton his — zone tin — sent
dog — gone rouge — genre sing — sink
all — leave right — trap when — twelve
#3. Read and transcribe the following pairs of words. Do the dis-
criminative sounds present different phonemes or variants of
the same phoneme? Prove your opinion.
main — mine buck — book bill — pill tie — fie
cart — caught got — hot bad — bed buy — die
chin — tin pole — pearl kit — fit money — honey
page — cage ban — bang tool — pull kiss — case
choice — voice word — ward bid — bead believe — belief
#4. Read the following pairs of words. Transcribe them, paying
attention to the highlighted letters. Do the corresponding
127
sounds present different phonemes or allophones? Explain
your point of view. Which variant do you consider to be prin-
cipal? Why?
f
ly — roo
f
th
orn — eigh
th
d
weller —
d
oer
t
r
ee —
r
ay
s
cream —
s
ay
b
low —
b
ottle
s
w
eat —
w
ait fa
t
—
t
ame
p
ast — ha
pp
en
#5. State whether the mistakes are phonological or phonetic. Prove
your opinion with the help of examples. Consider the follow-
ing:
1) in articulation and speech perception errors [w] is replaced
by [v];
2) in articulation and perception errors [h] is replaced by the Rus-
sian
[х];
3) in articulation and speech perception errors
[θ, ð] are replaced
by [s, z];
4) in the initial position before a vowel aspirated [p, t, k] are re-
placed by non-aspirated ones;
5) in articulation and perception errors [t, d] are replaced by the
Russian [т, д];
6) in articulation and perception errors [r] is replaced by the Rus-
sian [р];
7) in the final position the ‘dark’ shade of [l] is replaced by the ‘clear’
variant;
8) in articulation and speech perception errors [θ, ð] are replaced by
[f, v].
#6. Give the phonemic transcription of the following words and
word-combinations. Try to give allophonic transcriptions. Com-
ment on the peculiarities of the specified sounds.
128
— [k]: thick, cat, cask, a black cap;
— [l]: dull, light, lure;
— [p]: park, play, ape, a cold pie;
— [n, ð]: go on, no way, on the shelf, this time;
— [r]: ripe, far, war and peace.
#7. Use the procedure of commutation test for the following words.
Find minimal pairs with different meaning. State the type of
phonological opposition in each case.
k
ite b
u
t
b
at
t
i
me
sh
ow
v
eil
b
ake
p
it t
ea
#8. Read the following pairs of words. Transcribe the sounds cor-
responding with the letters in bold. State the number of phono-
logical oppositions in every pair.
pool — pull far — four
bay — may fast — vast
pay — they my — may
pay — bay seat — seem
chop — top fit — feet
E
xercise Block 3
#1. Make sure that you remember all English consonant phonemes.
Fill in the following table.
129
s
o
n
o
ra
n
ts
c
o
n
s
tr
ic
ti
v
e
o
ra
l
o
c
c
lu
s
iv
e
n
a
s
a
l
n
o
is
e
c
o
n
s
o
n
a
n
ts
o
c
c
lu
s
iv
e
-
c
o
n
s
tr
ic
ti
v
e
(a
ff
ri
c
a
te
s
)
v
o
ic
e
le
s
s
fo
rt
is
o
ra
l
v
o
ic
e
d
le
n
is
c
o
n
s
tr
ic
ti
v
e
(f
ri
c
a
ti
v
e
s
)
v
o
ic
e
le
s
s
fo
rt
is
v
o
ic
e
d
le
n
is
o
c
c
lu
s
iv
e
(p
lo
s
iv
e
s
)
v
o
ic
e
le
s
s
fo
rt
is
v
o
ic
e
d
le
n
is
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
n
o
is
e
m
a
n
n
e
r
o
f
a
rt
ic
u
la
ti
o
n
w
o
rk
o
f
th
e
v
o
c
a
l
c
o
rd
s
a
n
d
f
o
rc
e
o
f
a
rt
ic
u
la
ti
o
n
b
ila
b
ia
l
la
b
io
-d
e
n
ta
l
in
te
rd
e
n
ta
l
a
lv
e
o
la
r
p
o
s
t-
a
lv
e
o
la
r
p
a
la
to
-
a
lv
e
o
la
r
p
a
la
ta
l
v
e
la
r
g
lo
tt
a
l
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
ft
p
a
la
te
fo
re
lin
gu
al
m
e
d
io
lin
g
u
a
l
b
a
c
k
lin
g
u
a
l
la
bia
l
lin
gu
al
pla
ce
o
f a
rti
cu
la
tio
n