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#2. Write down a complete description of every English consonant
phoneme. Enclose in brackets the characteristics, which are not
phonologically relevant.
Example: [p] noise, occlusive, plosive, bilabial (voiceless), fortis,
(oral).
[b] noise, occlusive, plosive, bilabial (voiced), lenis,
(oral).
#3. Read and transcribe the following words with occlusive fortis
stops. Observe different degrees of aspiration.
port paper cart school
cut talk top proper
poker pit cost take
speech stop poke porter
cook poor taxi bat
#4. Read and transcribe the following pairs of words. Avoid palata-
lization of initial plosives and fricatives. Observe slight palata-
lization of affricates before front vowels.
part — peel cart — key thus — theme
guest — game bag — big chose — cheese
tooth — teeth far — feet chest — chin
door — day hut — heat just — gist
#5. Read the following groups of words. Mind full voicing of initial
and intervocalic plosives and fricatives. Observe their partial
devoicing in final position.
veal — cover — dove
that — mother — with
zebra — bosom — doze
giraffe — pleasure — garage
bad — rubber — mob
dig — lady — bed
goal — eager — bag
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#6. Read the following words and give their broad and narrow tran-
scription. Make distinctions between dark [l] in final positions
and before consonants, and light [l] before vowels and [j].
let leave help
tell fall value
all silk salt
#7. Read the following groups of words. Give their broad and narrow
transcription. Observe longer pronunciation of nasal sonorants in
final positions, before voiced consonants and vowels. Keep the
usual shorter pronunciation before voiceless consonants.
sing — singing — sink
sun — sunny — send — sent
dim — lambs — mole — lamp
men — mend — many — meant
long — longer — think
#8. Read the following pairs of words. Transcribe the opposed
sounds. Discuss their relevant features.
bet — bed ten — men
make — mate tale — sale
can — cat tan — pan
tame — lame tin — bin
tool — fool teal — veal
#9. Make sure that you remember English vowel phonemes. Fill in
the following table.
horizontal movements of the tongue
vertical
movements of
the tongue
v
ariations in the
height of vertical
movements
front
front-
retracted
central
back-
advanced
back
close (high)
narrow variant
broad variant
mid (half-open)
narrow variant
broad variant
open (low)
narrow variant
broad variant
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#10. Write down a complete description of every English vowel pho-
neme. Enclose in brackets the characteristics, which are not
phonologically relevant.
E
xample: [ı] front-retracted, close, broad variant, (unrounded,
short) monophthong.
[i:] front, close, narrow variant, (unrounded, long)
diphthongoid.
[eı] diphthong, the nucleus is front, mid, narrow vari-
ant (unrounded).
#11. Read the following groups of words. Give their broad and nar-
row transcription. State differences in vowel length, tenseness
and checkness of corresponding vowels. Say if they are relevant
for phonological distinctions.
pity — pig — pit bore — bored — bought
bed — bet look — good
sad — sat mud — cut
car — card — cart fur — firm — first
mog — mock away — teacher
see — seed — seat go — goal — goat
who — soon — soup how — howl — house
lay — laid — late here — real — fierce
tie — tied — tight care — scared — scarce
toy — toys — voice cure — cured
#12. Read the following pairs of words. Transcribe the opposed
sounds. What makes them allophones of different pho-
nemes?
bun — boon pill — peel
can — corn bed — bid
bat — bet such — search
133
Exercise Block 4
#1. Read the following words. Say what type of sound juncture is
affected. Classify types of consonant modifications. Mark them
with the help of corresponding signs.
try rotten team sixths
fried burden sit sty
press symphony miss Spain
tree John’s pit sky
small thanks tip twice
snake moon feet sweater
dry who hit question
draw cool cheese playing
horseshoe tall leap staying
cattle bar lie bark
little meet punch cargo
#2. Comment on the type of vowel modifications in the following
words. Give their phonetic notation.
laboratory peal
conceive pit
pea me
man sing
#3. Comment on the type of sound modifications at word bounda-
ries. Arrange them into several groups. Give the phonetic nota-
tion of sound modifications.
at the great trouble mashed potatoes
said that bad desk kept quiet
at rest cold pan slammed the door
at once black cat thin one
134
thank you cold pie that one
could you at last wrong one
in case come from rounding
big bag in fact for a month
big bat already for me
#4. Speak about possible combinative and positional changes in the
following sentences. Explain the reasons for their use.
Some of the boys drink a pint of milk every day.
You won’t believe
this!
Perhaps I should go.
There are lots of books.
Oh, I like it!
My thigh and my arm still hurt.
Do you have it in mind?
You’re so brave!
Jack could’ve apologized.
It’d be difficult.
#5. Read and transcribe the following poems. Find and explain cases
of sound modifications. Mark them with the help of correspon-
ding signs.
1) Spring is here,
The glorious spring,
When young lams gamble
And little birds sing.
The fields are all green,
The trees are in bud.
Away with the snow
The rain and the mud.
2) On top of a bus in spring time,
Along the country lane,
The trees all bright with blossom,
I hear the bird refrain.