Файл: Радовель В.А. - Английский Язык.doc

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Дайте ответы на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What represents the functional organization of a comput­er? 2. What can we get by studying the functional organization?

3. What is the function of the input device? 4. What does mem­ ory serve for? 5. What is the task of the arithmetic-logical unit? 6. What is the function of the output? 7. What is the main pur­ pose of the control unit? 8. How do all units of the computer communicate with each other? 9. What is the additional job of the input? 10. What is the additional function of the output?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Функциональная организация; действия компьютера; связывать друг с другом; вводить информацию извне; де­лать информацию доступной; выполнять вычисления; выводить информацию; блок управления; выдавать коман­ды; заставлять выполнять команды; выходное устройство; внешний мир; связываться друг с другом; комбинация электрических импульсов; холостой импульс; импульсы, распознаваемые компьютером.

75 Unit 6. Functional Organization of the Computer

5. Разделите приведенные ниже слова на три группы, оп­ ределяя по суффиксу часть речи — существительное, прилагательное или наречие. Переведите слова.

Organization, functional, available, equipment, processor,-Cbmpletely, architectural, converter, convertible, controller, re­movable, logical, addition, additional, usually, accomplishment, operator, operation, mainly, communication, insertion, elec­tronic, digital, instruction, generally, arithmetic, daily", develop­ment, central, lately, visible, substitution, understandable.

6. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­ сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.

Computer, analog computer; digital computer; hybrid com­puter; all-purpose computer; general-purpose computer; fifth-generation computer; game computer; handheld computer; mobile computer; multimedia computer; notebook computer; pocket computer; portable computer.

Unit: unit of memory; unit of data; unit of measurement; arithmetic unit; arithmetic-logical unit; central processing unit; computing unit; control unit; functional unit; input unit; out­put unit; network unit; system unit.

Function: arithmetic function; checking function; complex function; computer function; continuous function; conversion function; distribution function; encoding function; logical func­tion; numeric function; output function; program function; search function; software function; support function; utility function; variable function.

Control: access control; batch control; coding control; dis­tance / remote control; error control; execution control; hard­ware control; input/output control; memory control; power control; production control; program control; rate control; self-acting control; software control; system control.

7. Вспомните значение следующих прилагательных и пре­ образуйте их в сравнительную и превосходную степени.

A. Small; fast; new; long; late; wide; young; easy; great; dull; rich; bulky; large; vast; early; old; broad.

B. Frequent; reliable; approximate; significant; intricate; possible; basic; remarkable; common; modern; dependent; gen­ eral; necessary; successful; scientific; universal.

С Good; bad; little; many.

8. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.

large-scale — большой; крупномасштабный flip-flop — триггер circuit ['ss:kit] — цепь; контур; схема employ [im'ploi] — использовать; употреблять; приме­нять

logic gates — логический элемент; схема пропускания (сигналов); проход

feasible — возможный; выполнимый; осуществимый

interpret orders — интерпретировать, истолковывать ко­манды

operate switches — приводить в действие переключате­ли

convey [kan'vei] — передавать; сообщать

in response to — в ответ на

correct operand — нужный операнд

original input data — исходная вводимая информация

proceed [pra'si:d] — продолжать(ся); возобновлять(ся); действовать

room — (свободное) место; свободная память

9. Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, какую дополнительную информацию вы узнали о действии основных устройств компьютера.

Text 2. SOME FEATURES OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER

It should be noticed that even in a large-scale digital system, such as in a computer, or in a data-processing, control or digi­tal-communication system, there are only a few basic operations which must be performed. These operations may be operated many times. The four circuits most commonly employed in such systems are known as the OR, AND, NOT and FLIP-FLOP. They are called logic gates or circuits.

An electronic digital computer is a system which processes and stores very large amount of data and which solves scientific

problems of numerical computations of such complexity and with such speed that solution by human calculation is not fea­sible. So the computer as a system can perform numerical com­putations and follow instructions with extreme speed but it can­not program itself.

\\fe know that the numbers and the instructions which form the program, the computer is to follow, are stored in an essen­tial part of the computer called the memory. The second im­portant unit of the computer is the control whose function is to interpret orders. The control must convert the command into an appropriate set of voltages to operate switches and carry out the instructions conveyed by the order. The third basic element of a computer is the arithmetic device, which contains the cir­cuits performing the arithmetic computations: addition, subtrac­tion, etc. The control and arithmetic components are called the central processor. Finally a computer requires appropriate in­put-output devices for inserting numbers and orders into the memory and for reading the final result.

Suppose a command to perform an addition or division has been transmitted to the central processor. In response to this order the control must select the correct operands from the memory, transmit them to the arithmetic unit and return to the

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 78

memory the result of the computation. The memory serves for storing not only the original input data, but also the partial re­sults which will have to be used again as the computation pro­ceeds.

Lastly, if the computation doesn't stop with the execution of this instruction and the storage of the partial result, the control unit must automatically pass on to the next instruction. The connection of the control unit back to the input permits inser­tion of more data when there is room in the memory.

79 Unit & Functional Organization of the Computer

10. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис­ пользуя информацию текста.

1. What are the most commonly used circuits in any com­puter? 2. How are they called? 3. What kind of a system is a digital computer? 4. Is there anything that a computer cannot do itself? What is it? 5. Where are the instructions and digits stored? 6. What is the function of the control? 7. What does the arithmetic device serve for? 8. What components form the cen­tral processor? 9. What other devices in addition to the above-mentioned ones does a computer require? 10. How are com­putations performed in a computer?

11. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний:

Крупномасштабная цифровая система; система обра­ботки данных; система цифровой связи; наиболее широ­ко распространенные схемы; логические схемы; решать научные проблемы; выполнять числовые вычисления; ин­терпретировать команды; приводить в действие переклю­чатели; выполнять команды; нуждаться (требовать) в не­обходимом устройстве ввода-вывода; введение чисел и команд; считывание конечных результатов; передавать команду в центральный процессор; в ответ на; хранение частичных результатов; позволить введение новых данных; свободное место в памяти.

12. Подберите пары или группы близких по значению слов из предложенных ниже. Переведите слова на русский язык.

\ferbs: relate, employ, insert, perform, remove, operate, show, interpret, select, issue, use, receive, perform, cause, print, make, compute, connect, execute, take away, require, act, convert, carry out, demand, permit, demonstrate, choose, transmit, type, store, get, calculate, proceed, continue, keep, allow.

Nouns: response, unit, component, computation, storage, gate, amount, digit, element, memory, instruction, device, equipment, connection, circuit, order, command, information, relation, quantity, answer, calculation, number, data.

Adjectives: broad, complete, each, appropriate, every, basic, essential, digital, original, full, wide, initial, major, large, nu­merical, common, necessary, usual, important, general, great.

13. Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретаци­ ей, предложенной справа.

1. Functional organization a) processes and stores large of a computer amount of data and solves

problems of numerical com­putations;

2. Input b) circuits used in large-scale

digital systems;

3. Memory c) method of interrelation of the

main units of a computer

4. Control unit d) removing data from the de-

vice to the outside world;

5. Output e) inserting information into

the computer;

6. Arithmetic unit f) a code of combinations of

electric pulses;

7. Machine language g) performs addition, subtrac-

tion, multiplication, etc;

8. Logic gates h) stores original data as well as

partial results;

9. Digital computer i) causes all parts of the com-

puter to act as a team.

14. Расскажите о действии функциональных устройств компьютера, пользуясь приведенной ниже схемой.

Central processing unit

81 Unit 6. Functional Organization of the Computer

15. Составьте аннотации на русском языке к следующимтекстам по вариантам, используйте упр. 14 на с. 52.

1. Logical circuit elements

As it is known, any digital calculation — whether it is per­formed by 'pencil and paper' methods or with the aid of an automatic computer— must first be broken down into a se­quence of elementary arithmetical operations, such as addition, or multiplication. Each such arithmetical operation may be con­verted into a sequence of simple logical operations. It should be noted that a binary digit may take only two values — "zero" and "one". A logical proposition may be either true or false.

A symbolism and a set of rules suitable for manipulating 'yes or no' logical propositions was developed by George Boole, a self-educated genius who became Professor of Mathematics at Cork University in the middle of the 19^lh century. The tech­niques of Boolean algebra are now extensively used by electri­cal engineers for the design and analysis of switching circuits. Both the arithmetic and control units of a computer consist of sets of switching circuits for directing and manipulating elec­trical pulse signals.

The process of combining a number of electronic circuits of known logical properties into an integrated system capable of performing special arithmetical or control functions is known as logical design.

2. The definition of mechanical brain

Let's imagine a railroad line with four stations marked in­put, storage, computer and output. These stations are joined by little gates or switches to the main railroad line. We can imag­ine that numbers and other information move along this rail­road line, loaded (погруженные) in cars. Input and output are stations where numbers or other information go in and come out respectively. Storage is a station where there are many plat­forms and where information can be stored. The computer is a special station, somewhat like a factory. When two numbers are loaded on platforms 1 and 2 of this station and the command is loaded on platform 3, then another number is produced on plat­form^

There is a tower, marked control.This tower runs a telegraph line to each of its little watchmen standing by the gates. The

In general, a mechanical brain is made up of: a quantity of registers where information can be stored; channels along which information can be sent; mechanisms that carry out arithmetic and logical operations; a control, which guides the machine to perform a sequence of operations; input and output devices, where information can go into and out of the machine; and at last electricity, which provides energy.

16. Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните письменный перевод текстов, приведенных выше.

TESTS

1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова.

I. The method of all functional categories to one

another represents the functional organization of a com­puter, a) showing; b) relating; c) performing

83 Unit 6. Functional Organization of the Computer

2. Instructions and data are fed through the equip-