Файл: Радовель В.А. - Английский Язык.doc

ment to the .

a) output; b) memory; c) input; d) control

3. The main units of the computer communicate with each

other a machine language.

a) in spite of; b) because of; c) by means of

4. The input also the information into the pulse —

no-pulse combinations understandable to the computer, a) converts; b) removes; c) accomplishes

5. The four are used to perform basic operations

in a computer.

a) basics; b) circuits; c) equipment

6. A computer can solve very complex numerical .

a) communication; b) computations; c) instructions

7. Numbers and instructions forming the program are in the memory.

a) solved; b) stored; c) simulated

8. The control unit serves for orders.

a) reading; b) interpreting; c) inputting

9. The function of memory is to store the origi-

nal input data the partial results.

a) not only ... but also; b) either ... or; c) no sooner ... than

10. The includes the control and arithmetic-logi­ cal units.

a) flip-flop; b) digital computer; c) central processor

2. Заполните пропуски, выбрав правильную грамматичес­кую форму.

1. The simplest digital device is any device which [a) can;

b) could; c) must] count.

2. In ancient days man [a) learns; b) learned; c) has learned] to substitute beads for fingers to help him count.

3. The ancient Chinese simplified the [a) counted; b) to count; c) counting] board into abacus.

4. The Japanese improved the abacus making it [a)more ef­ ficient; b)much efficient; c) efficienter].

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 84

5. The tremendous speeds of computers and the flexibility [a) building; b) built; c) to build] into them [a) becauseof; b) according to; c) due to] the logical control make modern computers more powerful than mechanical cal­ culators.

6. The big problem in understanding digital computers is the logic which relates the logical elements into a unit [a) performed; b) performing; c) having performed] arith­ metic and logical operations.

7. Arithmetic operations [a) converted; b) are converted; c) was converted] into a sequence of simple logical oper­ ations.

8. Any digital calculation is usually [a) breaking; b) broken; c) being broken] down into a sequence of elementary operations.

9. A computer is a device [a) to accept; b) has accepted; c) accepts] a set of instructions and [a) executes; b) exe­ cuted; c) to execute] them in the appropriate sequence.

lO.The flip-flop [a) is; b) was; c) has been] a storage cell with two inputs and two outputs.

Unit 7 STORAGE

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

primary / secondary storage — первичное / вторичное за­поминающее устройство

main storage — основная память; оперативное запоми­нающее устройство

internal storage [in'tanal] — внутреннее ЗУ sequence ['sikwans] — последовательность; порядок сле­дования

intermediate results [,mte'midrat nsAlts] — промежуточные результаты

ongoing process ['ongoing 'prousss] — продолжающие­ся), постоянный процесс

similarity [simi'lseriti] — сходство; подобие to retain [п Чет] — сохранять; удерживать to locate [lou'keit] — размещать(ся); располагать(ся) value ['vaeljir.] — значение, величина; значимость, цен­ность; оценка binary digit ['Ьатэп 'did^it] — двоичная цифра; двоичный

знак

adjacent [э'йзевэШ] — смежный; соседний; примыкаю­щий

strings of characters — последовательность символов consecutive [ksn'sekjutiv] — последовательный; смеж­ный; соседний

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, что такое запоминающее устройство в компьютере и о каких его типах вы узна­ ли из текста.

Text 1. STORAGE UNITS

Computer system architecture is organized around the pri­mary storage unit because all data and instructions used by the

As you know, there are primary and secondary storage units. Both contain data and the instructions for processing the data. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage.

Primary storage is also called main storage or internal stor­age. The specific functions of internal storage are to hold (store): 1) all data to be processed; 2) intermediate results of process­ing; 3) final results of processing; 4) all the instructions required for ongoing process. Another name for primary storage is mem­ory, because of its similarity to a function of the human brain. However, computer storage differs from human memory in im­portant respects. Computer memory must be able to retain very large numbers of symbol combinations, without forgetting or changing any details. It must be able to locate all its contents quickly upon demand. The combinations of characters, that is, the letters, numbers, and special symbols by which we usually

87 Unit 7. Storage

communicate, are coded. The codes used by computer design­ers are based upon a number system that has only two possiblevalues, 0 and 1 .'A number system with only two digits, 0 and I, is called a binary number system. Each binary digit is called a bit, from Binary digiT. As the information capacity of a single bit is limited to 2 alternatives, codes used by computer design­ers are based upon combinations of bits. These combinations are called binary codes. The most common binary codes are 8-bit codes because an 8-bit code provides for 2/8, or 256 unique combinations of l's ans O's, and this is more than adequate to represent all of the characters by which we communicate.

Data in the form of coded characters are stored in adjacent storage locations in main memory in two principal ways : 1) as "strings" of characters — in bytes; and 2) within fixed-size "box­es" — in words. A fixed number of consecutive bits that repre­sent a character is called a byte. The most common byte size is 8-bit byte. Words are usually 1 or more bytes in length.

Secondary storage. Primary storage is expensive because each bit is represented by a high-speed device, such as a semicon­ductor. A million bytes (that is, 8 million bits) is a large amount of primary storage. Often it is necessary to store many millions, sometimes billions, of bytes of data. Therefore slower, less ex­pensive storage units are available for computer systems. These units are called secondary storage. Data are stored in them in the same binary codes as in main storage and are made avail­able to main storage as needed.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис­пользуя информацию текста.

1. What are the functional units of a digital computer? 2. What units make up the central processing unit? 3. How is computer system organized? 4. What are the two main types of storage units? 5. What do they contain? 6. What is the function of a primary storage? 7. Why is primary storage often called memory? 8. In what respect does computer memory differ from human memory? 9. What are codes based on? 10. What is Sec­ondary storage and what is it used for?

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 88

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Функциональный блок; цифровой компьютер; устрой­ство ввода; устройство управления; арифметико-логичес­кое устройство; центральный процессор; структура компь­ютерной системы; первичное запоминающее устройство; вторичное ЗУ; рассмотрение; поэтому последовательность; оперативное ЗУ; внутренняя память; промежуточные ре­зультаты; подобие функции человеческого мозга; разме­шать содержимое по требованию; система счисления; дво­ичная система счисления; возможные величины; объем информации; двоичный код; смежные ячейки памяти; последовательность символов; быстродействующее уст­ройство; полупроводник; доступный.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­ сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.

Storage: available storage; buffer storage; computer storage; data storage; magnetic disk storage; magnetic tape storage; in­put storage; intermediate storage; internal storage; laser storage; main storage; primary storage; secondary storage; sequential-access storage; variable storage; virtual storage.

Value: absolute value; acceptable value; additional value; bi­nary value; byte value; character value; constant value; correct value; data value; digit value; discrete values; invalid value; neg­ative value; numerical value; output value; valid value.

Digit: binary digit; binary-coded digit; check digit; informa­tion digit; input digit; nonsignificant digit; significant digit; dig­it-by-digit.

Sequence: out of sequence; alphabetic sequence; arithmetic se­quence; binary sequence; character sequence; code sequence; in­struction sequence;data sequence; digital sequence; historical se­quence; increasing sequence; program sequence; string sequence.

6. Найдите в тексте слова, близкие по значению следующим:

Memory; element; information; command; examination; character; quantity; number; place; computer architect; likeness.

To apply; to form; to move; to hold; to demand; to connect; to supply; to place; to name; to start; to examine.

Continuous; significant; consecutive; usual; enough; main; initial; general.

89 Unit 7. Storage

7. Переведите предложения, содержащие Perfect Participle Active и Perfect Participle Passive.

1. Having finished the research the scientists made the anal­ysis of the data obtained. 2. The designer left the office having looked through all the documents. 3. Having discussed the func­tions of storage units we passed on to the consideration of con­trol processing unit. 4. Having limited the information capacity of a single bit to two alternatives the computer designers ex­pressed data by a combination of bits. 5. Having translated the program into machine language the computer architect put the program into the machine. 6. Having been coded the instruction was transmitted to the central processing unit. 7. Having been transmitted to the central processing unit the instruction made arithmetic-logical unit perform some computations. 8. Having been regulated by the operator the equipment operated well. 9. Data having been entered correctly into the computer com­ponent of a data processing system, the need for further manip­ulation by humans is eliminated. 10. Having been well prepared for the examination the pupils could answer all the questions the teacher asked them.

8. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.

medium (pi. media) — носитель; среда capacity — емкость; объем (памяти); пропускная спо­собность

media capacity — емкость носителя

data access time — время доступа к данным

per bit — на единицу информации

to transfer— передавать(ся); переносить(ся); пересы-лать(ся)

archival storage — архивное ЗУ; архивная память to depend — зависеть от; полагаться, рассчитывать на to rotate — вращать(ся); чередовать(ся); сменять(ся) reason — причина; основание; довод; обосновывать;

делать вывод

solid-state device — твердотельный прибор magnetic core — магнитный сердечник

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 90

bipolar semiconductor — биполярный полупроводник

metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) — структура металл-оксид-полупроводник randomly — произвольно

random-access memory (RAM) — оперативное запомина­ющее устройство (ОЗУ)

sound recording — звукозапись

to arrange — размещать; располагать; устанавливать;

монтировать tape device — ЗУ на магнитной ленте

to range — классифицировать; располагать в порядке; лежать в диапазоне

magnetic disc storage — ЗУ на магнитном диске

moving-head device — устройство с двигающейся голов­кой

predominant — преобладающий; доминирующий flexible —гибкий; настраиваемый; изменяемый floppy (disk) — гибкий диск(ета); ЗУ на гибком диске to meet the demands — удовлетворять потребности

9. Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, как вы понимаете термин «запоминающая среда» и какие компоненты ее состав­ляют. Переведите текст.

Text 2. STORAGE DEVICES

Storage media are classified as primary storage or secondary storage on the basis of combinations*of cost, capacity, and ac­cess time. The cost of storage devices is expressed as the cost per bit of data stored. The most common units of cost are cents, millicents (0.001 cents) and microcents (0.000001 cents). The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data to and from a storage medium is called the access time for that medi­um. Capacities range from a few hundred bytes of primary stor­age for very small computers to many billions of bytes of archi­val storage for very large computer systems.

Memories may be classified as electronic or electromechani­cal. Electronic memories have no moving mechanical parts, and

91 Unit 7. Storage

data can be transferred into and out of them at very high speeds.Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts for their operation, such as mechanisms for rotating mag­netic tapes and disks. Their data access time is longer than is that of electronic memories; however they cost less per bit stored and have larger capacities for data storage. For these reasons most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage and electromechanical memory for secondary storage.

Primary storage has the least capacity and is the most expen­sive; however, it has the fastest access time. The principal pri­mary storage circuit elements are solid-state devices: magnetic cores and semiconductors. For many years magnetic cores were the principal elements used in digital computers for primary storage. The two principal types of semiconductors used for memory are bipolar and metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS). The former is faster, the latter is more commonly used at present. Because data can be accessed randomly, semiconduc­tor memories are referred to as random-access memory, or RAM.