Файл: Радовель В.А. - Английский Язык.doc

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Хорошо известно; к компьютеру относятся; внутренняя память; составлять суть; выполнять; координировать дея­тельность; определяя в каком порядке; управлять работой всей системы; при необходимости; в соответствии с ко­мандами; уровни памяти; порт ввода-вывода; переключа­тели; режим включения или выключения; передавать сиг­налы; указывать последовательность пошаговых операций; основная память; управлять ходом выполнения програм-

101 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit

мы; с другой стороны; выполнять вычитание, сложение, воз­ведение в степень, деление, умножение; для того чтобы.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.

Direction: backward direction; clockwise direction; counter­clockwise direction; data direction; forward direction; inverse / reverse direction; negative direction; positive direction; print­ing direction; transmission direction.

Level: access level; application level; data level; device level; difficulty level; error level; function level; hardware level; high level; input level; output level; performance level; presentation level; program level; protection level; resource level; security level; software level; structural level; system level; transmisson level.

Processor: arithmetic processor; central processor; command processor; control processor; data processor; error processor; general-purpose processor; special-purpose processor; image processor; language processor; mail processor; message proces­sor; numeric processor; parallel processor; peripheral processor; text processor.

Switch: to switch between programs; to switch between win­dows; to switch disks; to switch on; to switch off; to switch over; binary switch; command switch.

Step: conversion step; final step; procedure step; program step; programming step; step by step; one step at a time; to step down; to step out; to step up; to take steps.

6. Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот.

1. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory (RAM). 2. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are based on combination of bits. 3. Primary storage having similarity to a function of the human brain, the storage is also called mem­ory. 4. An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes pos­itively charged. 5. Computer system architecture being organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions must pass through it. 6. Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions passing through it.

7. Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechan-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 102

ical parts,their data access time being longer than is that of elec­tronic memories. 8. For this reason most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage, electromechanical mem­ory being used for secondary storage. 9. Large capacity tape de­vices are used with large data processing systems, cassettes and cartridges being applied with small systems. 10. The CPU con­trols the operation of the entire system, commands being issued to other parts of the system.

7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.

to manage ['таешёз] — управлять; организовывать;

справляться to obtain [ab'tein] — получать; достигать; добиваться

to cause — заставлять; вынуждать; вызывать; быть при­чиной; причина, основание

flow ['flou] — поток; ход (выполнения программы); пос­ледовательность

counter ['kauntaj — счетчик

register [^rred3isto] — регистр; устройство регистрации; счетчик; датчик

instruction register — регистр команд

storage register — регистр памяти; запоминающий ре­гистр

address register — адресный регистр

temporarily [ЧетрэгэпЬ] — временно

decoder [di'kouda] — дешифратор

operand address [ops'raind a'dres] — адрес (хранения) опе­ранда

mark ['mak] — отметка; маркер; знак; помечать; обозна­чать; выделять

timing mark — отметка времени

accumulate [s'kjimyuleit] — накапливать(ся); суммиро­вать; собирать(ся)

accumulator — сумматор; накапливающий регистр; ус­тройство суммирования

compare [кэт'рсэ] — сравнивать; соотноситься

103 Unit & Central Processing Unit

comparer [кэт'реэгэ] — компаратор; устройство сравне­ния

content ['kontsnt]— содержимое; смысл; объем; количе­ство

involve [in'volv] — включать; содержать; заключать (в себе)

core ['ka] — суть; основная часть; ядро; оперативная память

add feed] — складывать; суммировать; прибавлять; при­соединять

added — добавочный; дополнительный adder — сумматор; блок суммирования at least — по крайней мере

8. Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких компонентах цент­рального процессора и их назначении вы узнали. Переведите текст.

Text 2. THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS

As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer sys­tem. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.

The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruc­tion. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The control unit has the following components: a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory; a reg­ister that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed; a decoder that takes the coded instruc­tion and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out; a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid.

The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary stor-

age into the storage register. The instruction is passed from thestorage register to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that the proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the op­erand is sent from the instruction register to the address regis­ter. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.

The arithmetic-logical unit (AL U) executes the processing op­erations called for by the instructions brought from main mem­ory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit.

Data enter the ALU and return to main storage through the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic op­erations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage through the storage register. The comparer performs log­ical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as "less than", "equal to", or "greater than".

So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-log­ical unit are banks of bistable devices, which are called regis­ters. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the cal­culation and hold the results temporarily until they can be tranferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high-

105 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit

speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the fourbasic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.

9. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What are the functional units of CPU? 2. What is the func­tion of CU? 3. How does CU operate? 4. What is the function of a counter? 5. What role does a decoder play? 6. What is the sequence of CU operations? 7. What is the function of the arith­metic-logical unit? 8. What operations are performed by ALU?

9. What primary components does ALU consist of? 10. What is the function of an accumulator / comparer?

10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Функциональные блоки; устройство управления; ариф­метико-логическое устройство; управлять работой всей системы; получать команды; основная память; посылать сигналы; считывать команды поэтапно; таким образом; временно сохранять информацию; производить пометки через равные промежутки времени; последовательность операций; регистр памяти; регистр команд; адресный ре­гистр; счетчик; датчик; дешифратор; адрес операнда; ад­ресный регистр, высокоскоростной двоичный сумматор; по крайней мере; вычитание; сложение; умножение; деле­ние; принимать решения; результаты сравнения.

П. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.

Register, address register; base register; clock register; com­mand / instruction register; counter register; CPU register; hard­ware register; input / output register; memory register; operand register; general-purpose register; special-purpose register.

Counter binary counter; character counter; data counter; instruction counter; pulse counter; sequence counter; storage counter; software counter; time-out counter.

Selection: color selection; directory selection; drive selection; file selection; function selection; keyboard selection; menu se­lection; security selection.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 106

Management: data management; database management; disk management; error management; information management; memory management; network management; resource manage­ment; task management; window management.

12. Найдите в текстах 1 и 2 слова, близкие по значению следующим:

Verbs: to work; to control; to receive; to keep; to send; to perform; to demand; to choose; to supply; to pass; to name; to include; to apply; to come back; to found; to explain; to form; to define; to arrange.

Nouns: computer; answer; commands; memory; element; device; information; state; aim; heart; solution; computation.

Adjectives: main; whole; separate; quick; correct; large; main (storage); following; every; following; specific; different; real.

13. Сравните и проанализируйте предложения, содержа­ щие зависимый и независимый причастные обороты. Переведите их.

1. Having returned to the accumulator the results of arith­ metic operations are transferred to main storage. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator, the stor­ age register transfering them to main mamory. The results of arithmetic operations being returned to the accumulator, the storage register transfer them to main memory. Being returned to the accumulator the results of arithmetic operations are trans­ ferred to main memory.

2. When passing through a conductor free electrons form an electric current. Free electrons passing through a conductor, an electric current is generated. Free electrons pass through a con­ ductor, an electric current being generated. Free electrons pass­ ing through a conductor form an electric current.

3 Instructions being obtained, the control unit causes other units to perform the necessary operations. Instructions are ob­tained, the control unit causes other units to perform the oper­ations. Having obtained the instructions the control unit caus­es other units to perform the operations. Obtaining the instructions the control unit causes other units to perform the operations.

4. The elements having unknown properties cannot be used for experiments. The elements have unknown properties, exper-

107 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit

iments with these elements being impossible. Having unknown properties the elements cannot be used for experiments. The elements having unknown'properties, experiments with them are impossible.

5. When moving in a material charged particles (заряженные частицы) produce magnetic properties (свойства) of this ma­terial. Charged particles moving in a material produce magnet­ic properties. Charged particles moving in a material, magnetic properties of this material are produced. Charged particles move in a material, magnetic properties of the material being pro­duced.

14. Прочтите внимательно текст и составьте к нему план в назывной форме. Прочтите текст еще раз, разверни­те пункты плана и составьте реферат на английском языке, озаглавьте текст.

*•* cjK

It is known that one of the fundamental parts of the com­puter is a control unit. This unit controls the computation pro­cess automatically, without man's participation. It sends signals to all other parts of the computer to specify what they must do. First of all, the control unit tells the main memory what data must be transferred to the arithmetic-logical unit and other de­vices. Then it enables the arithmetic-logical unit to perform the required operation. Finally, it places the obtained results in the main memory.

It is important to note that the control unit operation is de­termined by an algorithm of a problem solution. The algorithm is a sequence of arithmetic and logical operations. These oper­ations must be performed on the initial data for solving the prob­lem.

Description of an algorithm in a form acceptable by a com­puter is called a program. A program is a list of sequential com­puter instructions enabling a computer to solve a problem. In order to be acceptable by the computer instructions must be encoded into a digital form.

In conclusion it should be pointed out that the main feature of a computer is automatic control of the problem solution pro­cess. It is based on the programmed-control principle.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 108

15. Выполните письменный перевод текстов по вариантам.Озаглавьте тексты.

* * #

1. In 1960's advances in microelectronic components led to the development of the minicomputer, followed more recently by an even smaller microcomputer. Both have filled a need for small but relatively flexible processing systems able to execute comparatively simple computing functions at lower costs.

In 1971 Intel Corporation delivered the first microproces­sor, the 4004. All the logic to implement the central processing unit of a tiny computer was put onto a single silicon chip less than 1/4 inch square. That design was soon followed by many others. The progress toward smaller computers is continuing, designers are working at nano-computers and pico-computers.

When the central processing unit of a computer is imple­mented in a single, or very small number of integrated circuits, we call it a microprocessor. When a computer includes a mi­croprocessor as its major component, such device is called a microcomputer.

Today the hardware in data-processing machines is built out of microelectronic devices. Advances in microelectronic devices give rise to advances in data-processing machinery.

2. The computer has made it possible to mechanize much of the information interchange and processing that constitute the nervous system of our society.

The versatility and convenience of the microprocessor has changed the entire architecture of modern computer systems. No longer is the processing of information carried out only in the computer's central processing unit. Today there is a trend toward distributing more processing capability throughout a computer system, with various areas having small local proces­sors for handling operations in those areas.