Файл: Учебное пособие по английскому языку для практических занятий студентов 2 курса.docx

6. Hundred/А hundred years ago the principal means of communication was by post and telegraph.

7. How many children are there in the school? About three hundred/three hundreds.

8. The report has got over five hundred/five hundreds pages.

9. It happened in the year two thousand and two/two thousand and second.

10. All International flights are from Terminal One /the Terminal One.
3. Read the following fractional numerals.

Example: 5/6 – five sixths, 2/3 – two thirds

1. 1/2 5. 9/10

2. 5/8 6. 11/12

3. 1/3 7. 2/5

4. 4/7 8. ¾
4. Write the numbers.

1. The number of Dwarves Snow White lived with — ___________

2. The Celsius freezing point — ___________

3. Days in April — ___________

4. The number of letters in the English alphabet — ___________

5. An unlucky number — ___________

6. Teeth in the normal human mouth — ___________

7. The number of years in a millennium — ___________

8. The number of months in a year — ___________

9. Days in December – ___________

10. Degrees in a right angle — ___________

11. Books in a trilogy — ___________

12. Minutes in an hour — ___________

13. Legs has an octopus — ___________

14. The number of cents in a half-dollar — ___________

15. Players in a soccer team — ___________

16. Number of hours in a day — ___________

17. Celsius boiling point — ___________
5. Fill in the gaps with quantitative numerals.

1. The division of the circle into ______________ (360) parts occurred in ancient India, as evidenced in the Rigveda

2. ____________ (22 200) donors from Manchester have been honoured at an awards ceremony for donating.

3. The newly elected board of directors consists of_________ (42) new members.

4. Chelsea won___________ (2:0) against Marseille at Stamford Bridge.

5. Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than ________ (1/8) of the Earth's inhabited land area, with over __________ (144 000 000) people at the end of March _________2016.
6. Write the final result and read.

Example: twenty + fifty-eight = seventy-eight (20+58=78)

sixty-two + fourteen = …

fifteen + two hundred and forty-six = …

ninety + ten = …

thirty-one + nineteen = …

seventy-three + eighty-two = …

three thousand one hundred and twelve + ninety-nine = …
WRITING

1. 
   Prepare presentations on the following topics:
   

1. 
   Different types of measurement in England.
   
2. 
   Different types of measurement the USA.
   
3. 
   Different types of measurement Russia.
   

REVISION

1. 
   Write the final results.
   

Example: 5+7=12 (five plus seven equals twelve)

a) 3 + 4 6 + 8 13 + 17 15 + 30

b) 5 – 4 10 – 7 18 – 13 23 – 9

c) 6 • 7 4 • 11 5 • 10 8 • 12

d) 28 : 4 40 : 5 72 : 8 88 : 4
2. Write the following numerals.

a) 0.621 mile 3/7 mile 3/20 foot

b) 4 2/5 pounds 0.3937 inch 2/3 ton

c) 2.8 pounds 3/5 inch 28.39 grams

d) 15 1/3 grams 6/7 m 2.45 miles
3. Write the correct ordinal number.

1. Saturday is the __________ day of the week.

2. The ___________ month of the year is June. .

3. The ___________month of the year is March.

4. In a competition the gold medal is for the________ place and the silver medal is for the__________ place.
4.Put the verbs into the correct form.

require develop specialize

A metrologist 1___________ processes and systems used to measure objects. Some metrology jobs 2_____________ experience in operation of precision positioning systems. Many companies 3_________ in metrology services for all kinds of industries.

determine relate concern

A career in legal metrology 4_____________ the regulatory requirements of measurements for the consumers protection. Traceability 5__________ measurements to national and international standards. The level of traceability 6____________ whether the result of a measurement can be compared to other measurements.

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deal with require have involve

Industrial metrology 7____________ manufacturing. It 8__________ ensuring the suitability of measuring instrumentation. Most specialists in metrology 9___________ jobs as technicians. Some job specifications 10__________ knowledge about high-resolution imaging techniques.

involve mean operate

A fundamental metrology job 11___________ establishing new units and measurement methods. A job in metrology 12 __________ understanding traceability, accuracy and precision. Metrology engineers 13__________ equipment in many laboratories.
develop measure advise determine
The new calibration system 14 __________ length, mass, time, temperature and other characteristics of objects. A metrologist 15 _________ calibration systems, 16 __________ reliability of measurement process. He 17 _______ other personnel on methods of resolving measurement problems

UNIT 4

MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

“If direct labor is much more

than 5 percent of a manufactured product's cost,

something must be wrong with the manufacturing process”.

Peter Drucker,

an Austrian management consultant, educator.
LEAD-IN

1. 
   What is Manufacturing Engineering?
   
2. 
   What is the role of engineers in manufacturing?
   
3. 
   Can you name any of manufacturing innovations?
   

VOCABULARY

1.Read and learn the following words.

manufacturing - производство large-scale production - крупномасштабное производство division of labour - разделение труда cost-effective - экономически эффективный artisan - ремесленник extension - расширение tailor-made/custom-built – сделанный на заказ maintenance – техническое обслуживание

repeatable manufacturing - воспроизводимое производство tool - инструмент household appliances - бытовая техника discrete - раздельный repetitive - повторяющийся job shop - магазин вакансий, цех batch process - пакетный процесс assembly/production lines shutdown – отключение, завершение работы

2. 
   Read the following words and word-combinations. Give their Russian equivalents.
   

Century, privilege, artisan, machinery, mechanisation, electricity, technique, design, individual, guild, characteristic, identical, category, efficiently, trade secrets, chemical, biological.
READING

1. Read and translate the text.
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
Manufacturing has existed for centuries and was originally carried out by skilled artisans, sometimes working with assistants, with the skills being passed down through apprenticeships. Manufacturers may have joined guilds who would protect the trade secrets and privileges of these artisans. However, this early manufacturing system changed with the introduction of the factory system in Britain at the beginning of the industrial revolution in the late 18th century. This system took advantage of technological advances and used machinery powered by water, steam and, later, electricity allowing for large-scale production.

The assembly line method of manufacture introduced the concept of the division of labour. This meant that different people would each take just one part of a manufacturing process, for example cutting the wire for a pin, to create a more efficient and cost-effective process. Mechanisation and later automation drew on this concept to create highly repeatable manufacturing.

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Manufacturing is the production of goods through the use of labour, machinery, tools and biological or chemical processing or formulation. Manufacturing can either mean transforming raw materials into finished goods on a large scale, or the creation of more complex items by selling basic goods to manufacturers for the production of items such as automobiles, aircraft, or household appliances.

Raw materials are transformed into finished products through manufacturing engineering or the manufacturing process. This process begins with product design and materials selection. The materials are modified during various manufacturing processes to create the finished product.

The manufacturing systems are the different processes of transformation and production of a material or raw material through the use of tools, machinery, energy and work. The term manufacture is of Latin origin: "manus" means "hand" and Facts it means "done".

Thus, the word "manufacture" means "made by hand", but by extension it is applied to the current productive process, which involves techniques, machines and people. Manufacturing systems are fundamental in society for the manufacture of products or parts, efficiently and with quality.

Each of these systems has various characteristics of varied nature and of different types. In addition, the materials subjected to the process of industrialization differ from each other through their shape, strength, size, density or aesthetics.

In the manufacture of new products, a series of operations and processes of various kinds are involved, but all have as their main objective to modify the physical characteristics and the properties of the materials used, in order to create a new element. Moreover manufacturing has close connections to the engineering and industrial process design sectors.

There are five main types of manufacturing processes:

1. Discrete manufacturing describes any system that produces single products. At the end of a single production process, individual products can be distinguished from each other, even if they are essentially identical.

2. Repetitive manufacturing process produces products for rapid production flow. A distinguishing characteristic of repetitive manufacturing is its use of assembly/production lines.

3. Job Shop is a small company or business that makes specific products for one customer at a time. It is a manufacturing unit that specializes in small quantities of tailor-made or custom-built parts. Cost is typically higher when manufacturing one product at a time, but it does give you the opportunity to do super high-quality work.

4. Batch Process is the process by which a computer completes batches of jobs, often simultaneously, in non-stop, sequential order (production of a "batch" of multiple items at once, one stage at a time), and flow production (mass production, all stages in process at once).

5. Continuous Process is a flow production method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption. It usually means operating 24 hours per day, seven days per week with infrequent maintenance shutdowns, such as semi-annual or annual. Some chemical plants can operate for more than one to two years without a shutdown.

3. 
   Say if the following statements are true or false:
   

1. 
   Manufacturing has existed for centuries and was originally carried out by skilled artisans.
   
2. 
   Early manufacturing system changed with the introduction of the factory system in the USA at the beginning of the industrial revolution in the late 18th century.
   
3. 
   The manufacturing system took disadvantage of used machinery powered by water, steam and, later, electricity allowing for large-scale production.
   
4. 
   Discrete manufacturing is the production of distinct items.
   
5. 
   Repetitive manufacturing process involves a relatively constant flow through production lines.
   
6. 
   Job Shop is a large company or business that makes specific products for one customer at a time.
   
7. 
   Batch Process is the process by which a manufacturer completes batches of jobs.
   

4. 
   Classify the main types of manufacturing processes according to the text.
   

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Discrete manufacturing process	Repetitive manufacturing process	Job Shop	Batch Process	Continuous Process

5. 
   Answer the following questions. Find answers in the text.
   

1. 
   How long has manufacturing existed and who was it originally carried out by?
   
2. 
   When and where did the early manufacturing change?
   
3. 
   What are the manufacturing systems? What does the word "manufacture" mean?
   
4. 
   What are five main types of manufacturing processes? Describe each type of manufacturing systems.
   

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
VOCABULARY

1. 
   Read and learn the following words.
   

   tool - инструмент lateral - боковой displacement - смещение idle - на холостом ходу to execute - выполнять grinder - шлифовальный станок wheel - круг, колесо bonded - скрепленный pass - проход fine – точный conventional – обычный coarse - грубый to pierce - протыкать, прокалывать wire – проволока fragile - хрупкий die - матрица, штамп matrix - матрица tap – метчик lathe - токарный shapes and planers - поперечно-строгальный станок

   electrically driven - с электроприводом facility - приспособление to lubricate - смазывать spark erosion - электроискровая обработка discharge - разряд beam - луч circular cross-section - круглое поперечное сечение faceplate - планшайба tolerance - допуск to enable - давать возможность stroke - ход to slide - скользить to punch - пробивать отверстие matching - сочетающийся, парный the planer - продольно-строгальный станок drawplate - волочильная доска

2. 
   Read the following words and word-combinations. Give their Russian equivalents.
   

Machinery; electricity; characteristic; identical; category; miniature; efficiently; deformation; steel; abrasive; horizontal; diagonal; vertical; regulation; accurate; progressive.
3. Read and translate the text.
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING. HAND TOOLS.

MACHINE TOOLS

Manufacturing engineering is a branch of professional engineering that shares many common concepts and ideas with other fields of engineering such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, and industrial engineering. Manufacturing engineering requires the ability to plan the practices of manufacturing; to research and to develop tools, processes, machines and equipment; and to integrate the facilities and systems for producing quality products with the optimum expenditure of capital.

It is necessary to note that one simply cannot engineer without tools.

A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand rather than a motor. Categories of hand tools include wrenches, pliers, cutters, files, striking tools, struck or hammered tools, screwdrivers, vises, clamps, snips, hacksaws, drills, and knives.

A machine tool is a machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the work piece and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Most machine-tools are now

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electrically driven, they are faster and more accurate than hand tools. Machine-tools were an important element in the development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as to be interchangeable.

Machine-tools usually work materials mechanically and include chemical machining, spark erosion, spark (discharge), drilling and cutting. Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture of a range of products.

Lathe is steel the important machine-tool. It produces parts of circular cross-section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting its surface with a sharp stationary tool. The tool may be moved sideways to produce a cylindrical part and moved towards the workpiece to control the depth of cut. Nowadays all lathes are power-driven by electric motors. That allows continuous rotation of the workpiece at a variety of speeds. Modern lathe are often under numerical control.

Shapes and Planers are used mainly to produce different flat surfaces. The tools slides against the stationary workpiece and cuts on the stroke, returns to its starting position, and then cuts on the next stroke after a slight lateral displacement. In general, the shaper can make any surface having straight-line elements. It uses only one cutting-tool and is relatively slow, because the return stroke is idle. That is why the shaper is seldom found on a mass production line.

The planer is the largest of the reciprocating machine tools. It differs from the shaper, which moves a tool past a fixed workpiece because the planer moves the workpiece to expose a new section to the tool. Like the shaper, the planer is intended to produce vertical, horizontal, or diagonal cuts. It is also possible to mount several tools at one time in any or all tool holders of a planer to execute multiple simultaneous cuts.

Grinders (шлифовальные станки) remove metal by a rotating abrasive wheel. The wheel is composed of many small grains of abrasive, bonded together, with each grain acting as a miniature cutting tool. The process gives very smooth and accurate finishes. Only a small amount of material is removed at each pass of the wheel, so grinding machines require fine wheel regulation. The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece is usually very light, so that grinding can be carried out on fragile materials that cannot be machined by other conventional devices.

Dies are tools used for the shaping solid materials, especially those employed in the pressworking of cold metals. A number of different forms of dies are employed for different operations. The simplest are piercing dies (пробивной штамп), used for punching holes. Bending and folding dies are designed to make single or compound bends. A combination die is designed to perform more than one of the above operations is one stroke of the press. A progressive die permits successive forming operations with the same die.

Wiredrawing Dies. In the manufacture of wire, a drawplate (волочильная доска) is usually employed. This tool is a metal plate containing a number of holes, successive less in diameter and known as wire dies. A piece of metal is pulled through the largest die to make a coarse wire. This wire is then drawn through the smaller hole, and then the next, until the wire is reduced to the desired measurement. Wiredrawing dies are made from extremely hard materials, such as tungsten carbide or diamonds.

Thread-Cutting Dies. For cutting threads on bolts or on the outside of pipes, a thread-cutting die (резьбонарезная плашка) is used. It is usually made of hardened steel in the form of a round plate with a hole in the centre. The hole has a thread. To cut an outside thread, the die is lubricated with oil and simply screwed onto an unthreaded bolt or piece of pipe, the same way a nut is screwed onto a bolt. The corresponding tool for cutting an inside thread, such as that inside a nut

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