Файл: Учебное пособие по английскому языку для практических занятий студентов 2 курса.docx

Find out the English equivalents in the text for the given words and word-combinations. Use them in sentences of you own.

Прикладная наука; предотвращение несчастных случаев; статистика несчастных случаев; неспособность устранить или "контролировать" риски; легковоспламеняющиеся материалы; огнеупорные материалы; рукоятка экстренного торможения/стопкран; представлять непосредственную угрозу для здоровья; жизни, собственности или окружающей среды; срочное вмешательство; предотвращать ухудшение ситуации; уменьшение ущерба; последствия; реагирование в чрезвычайной ситуации; службы экстренной помощи; разливы нефти в море.

3. 
   Find synonyms to the words in the text.
   

Protection, accident, harm, hazardous, ownership, risk, treat, wellbeing, remove, defend, immediate, reduce, destruction.

4. 
   Answer the following questions.
   

1. 
   What is safety engineering? What is the aim of safety engineering?
   
2. 
   What can result in massive costs, both human and economic?
   
3. 
   Which methods are used by engineers to achieve safety in the design and operation of potentially dangerous technology?
   
4. 
   What is the first step in safety engineering?
   
5. 
   Can you name two classical examples of a self-shutdown in critical accident situations or when the operator loses control?
   
6. 
   What means are efficient to prevent many severe accidents?
   
7. 
   How can safety be achieved in an organization?
   
8. 
   How can an incident be defined as an emergency?
   

5. 
   Say if the following statements are true or false.
   

1. 
   Safety engineering is a theoretical science strongly related to systems engineering.
   
2. 
   Safety has often been defined as the synonym of risk, but that is only part of the truth.
   
3. 
   Many safety measures in engineering are taken to reduce the material harm that would follow from possible unknown sources of failures.
   
4. 
   Hazardous substances or reactions can be replaced by less hazardous ones.
   
5. 
   Permanent inspections by persons with sufficient competence and mandate are an efficient means to prevent this from happening.
   
6. 
   Human mistakes are an uncommon source of accidents.
   
7. 
   Safety is possible only in an organization whose senior management gives priority to safety and aims at continuous improvement.
   
8. 
   Some agencies will not respond when the environmental impacts endangers wild animals or environment.
   

6. 
   You will read the text TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS. Before you read fill in the table below by matching hazards, causes and consequences (последствия). Suggest the missing causes and consequences by yourself.
   

Hazards	Causes	Consequences
Structural collapses
Power outage
Fires
Radiation contamination
Chemical contamination
Transportation accidents

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Causes:

nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems are abused;

engineering failures;

equipment error or human factor;

lightning, human negligence or arson.

Consequences:

business losses, medical emergencies, civil disorder;

deadly diseases, a long-term effect on the next generation;

great destruction, loss of life;

damage to human health and environment.

1. 
   Read the text and check your answers in the previous activity.
   

TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Technological hazards are an increasing source of risk to people and their environment. This is an effect of the globalization of production, an increase of industrialization and a certain level of risk of accidents connected with production, processes, transportation and waste management. Severe accidents have happened which afflicted thousands of people. These have found expression in the public demand to provide technical and organizational tools for the prevention and mitigation of disasters.

Structural collapse

Structural collapses are often caused by engineering failures. Bridge failures may be caused in several ways, such as under-design (as in the Tay Bridge disaster), by corrosion attack (such as in the Silver Bridge collapse), or by aerodynamic flutter of the deck (as in Tacoma Narrows Bridge). Failure of dams was not infrequent during the Victorian era, such as the Dale Dyke dam failure in Sheffield, England in the 1860s, causing the Great Sheffield Flood. Other failures include balcony collapses or building collapses such as that of the World Trade Center.

Power outage

A power outage is an interruption of normal sources of electrical power. Short-term power outages (up to a few hours) are common and have minor effect, since most businesses and health facilities are prepared to deal with them. Extended power outages, however, can disrupt personal and business activities as well as medical and rescue services, leading to business losses and medical emergencies. Extended loss of power can lead to civil disorder, as in the New York City blackout of 1977. Power outages often accompany other types of disasters, such as hurricanes and floods, which hampers relief actions.

Recent notable power outages include the 2005 Java–Bali Blackout which affected 100 million people and the 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout which affected 60 million people.

Fire

Bush fires, forest fires, and mine fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human negligence or arson. They can burn thousands of square kilometers. If a fire intensifies enough to produce its own winds and "weather", it will form into a firestorm. A good example of a mine fire is the one near Centralia, Pennsylvania. Started in 1962, it ruined the town and continues to burn today. Some of the biggest city-related fires are The Great Chicago Fire, The Peshtigo Fire (both of 1871) and the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Casualties resulting from fires, regardless of their source or initial cause, can be aggravated by inadequate emergency preparedness. Such hazards as a lack of accessible emergency exits, poorly marked escape routes, or improperly maintained fire extinguishers may result in many more deaths and injuries than might occur with such protections.

Radiation contamination

When nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems are abused, airborne radioactive particles (nuclear fallout) can scatter and irradiate large areas. Not only is it deadly, but it also has a long-term effect on the next generation for those who are contaminated. Ionizing radiation is hazardous to living things, and in such a case much of the affected area could be unsafe for human habitation. During World War II, United States troops dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, the radiation fallout contaminated the cities' water supplies, food sources, and half of the populations of each city were stricken with disease.

Chemical contamination

Many technological risks are associated with the release of hazardous substances which could affect human health or the environment by contamination in accident condition or with the production of such substances under certain conditions as fire.

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Considering the amount and distribution of facilities using hazardous materials throughout the world, the risks posed by them to societies and the environment it has to be considered as an increasing global problem.

The following list indicates the type of actions which can constitute technological hazards: release of chemicals to the atmosphere by explosion, fire; release of chemicals into water (groundwater, rivers etc.) by tank rupture, pipeline rupture, chemicals dissolved in water (fire), oil spills in marine environment; contamination by waste management activities; releases and contaminations as a consequence of military actions (e.g. depleted uranium), or destruction of facilities; releases as consequence of the industrial use of biological material (e.g. viruses, bacteria, fungi).

Transportation accidents

An aviation accident is defined as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.

The category of the vehicle can range from a helicopter, an airliner, or a space shuttle. The world's worst airliner disaster is the Tenerife crash of 1977, when miscommunications between and amongst air traffic control and an aircrew caused two fully-laden jets to collide on the runway, killing 583 people.

2004 in Sri Lanka when 1,700 people died in the Queen of the Sea train disaster. Other notable rail disasters are the 1989 Ufa accident in Russia which killed 574, and the 1917 Modane train accident in France which killed 540.

Traffic collisions are the leading cause of death, and road-based pollution creates a substantial health hazard, especially in major conurbations. The greenhouse effect of road transport is a significant fraction of the anthropogenic warming effect, and the rapid consumption of fossil fuel accelerates the Hubbard peak.
2. Find English equivalents. Use them in sentences of you own.

Столкновение транспорта на дороге; смертельно или серьезно травмированный; разлив нефти; разрыв трубопровода; взрыв; выброс опасных веществ; доступные аварийные выходы; маршруты эвакуации; огнетушители; подготовленность к чрезвычайной ситуации; халатность человека или поджег; беспорядки в обществе; инженерная ошибка; помещения и оборудование медицинских учреждений; оказание помощи; недостаточный запас прочности; прекращение подачи электроэнергии; эксплуатировать систему с нарушением норм; серьезная авария; предотвращение катастроф; уменьшение ущерба.
3. Reconstruct the phrases by matching the words from list (a-l) to the words from list (1-12).

1) immediate	a) extinguisher
2) urgent	b) risk
3) emergency	c) disorder
4) engineering	d) intervention
5) health	e) collision
6) civil	f) response
7) human	g) negligence
8) accessible	h) exit
9) escape	i) facilities
10) fire	j) route
11) hazardous	k) failure
12) traffic	l) substances

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4. Complete the sentences below using the reconstructed phrases.

1) A situation which presents _________________ to people or environment is called an emergency.

2) _________________ can reduce damage and save people’s lives.

3) Emergency agencies are organized to provide quick and efficient _________________.

4) The Tay Bridge collapse was caused by _________________.

5) _________________ can lead to many severe accidents such as fires and equipment breakdown.

6) Chemical contamination is associated with the release of _________________.

7) Every building must have _________________ for people to escape in case of fire.

8) The leading cause of transportation accidents is _________________.

9) _________________ is an active fire protection device used to control small fires, often in emergency situations.

10) Sometimes emergency situations may be worsened by _______________.
5. Speak about causes and consequences of technological accidents. Model: Structural collapses can be caused by engineering failures. They can lead to deaths and business losses.
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
VOCABULARY

1. 
   Read and learn the following words.
   

   mitigation – смягчение последствий preparedness – готовность, обеспечение готовности response - реагирование recovery – восстановление acceptable - допустимый achieve - достигать approach - подход eliminate – устранить, ликвидировать assurance - гарантия cost-efficient - экономически эффективный

   disaster – бедствие, катастрофа stockpiling – накопление запасов inventory – инвентаризация streamline foods supplies – оптимизация поставок продуктов питания rehearse – повторять, отрабатывать agility – сообразительность, проворство implementation – осуществление, реализация inherent – свойственный, присущий

2. 
   Read the following words and word-combinations. Give their Russian equivalents.
   

Sanction, structure, terminology, methods, legislation, evacuation, cycle, doctrine, process, creativity, improvisation, adaptability, service, infrastructure, mobilization, efficient coordination, easily understandable terminology and methods, ambulance crews, volunteers among civilian populations.
READING

1. 
   Read and translate the text.
   

Mitigation

Mitigation efforts are attempts to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether or to reduce the effects of disasters. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases in that it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk. Mitigation measures can be structural or nonstructural. Structural measures use technological solutions like flood dams. Non-structural measures include legislation, land-use planning (e.g. the designation of nonessential land like parks to be used as flood zones), and insurance. Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method for reducing the effect of hazards although not always the most suitable. Mitigation includes providing regulations regarding evacuation, sanctions against those who refuse to obey the regulations, and communication of risks to the public.

Preparedness

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Preparedness is a continuous cycle of planning, managing, organizing, training, equipping, exercising, creating, monitoring, evaluating and improving activities to improve capabilities of organizations to prevent, protect against, respond to, recover from natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters. Common preparedness measures include:

 communication plans with easily understandable terminology and methods;

 proper maintenance and training of emergency services, including mass human resources such as community emergency response teams;

 development and Activity of emergency population warning methods combined with emergency shelters and evacuation plans;

 stockpiling, inventory, streamline foods supplies, and maintain other disaster supplies and equipment;

 develop organizations of trained volunteers among civilian populations.

Another aspect of preparedness is casualty prediction, the study of how many deaths or injuries to expect for a given kind of event. This gives planners an idea of what resources need to be in place to respond to a particular kind of event.

Response

The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area in order to provide the first aid and quick rescue efforts. This is likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews. They may be supported by a number of secondary emergency services, such as specialist rescue teams. A well rehearsed emergency plan developed as part of the preparedness phase enables efficient coordination of rescue. There is a need for both discipline (structure, doctrine, process) and agility (creativity, improvisation, adaptability) in responding to a disaster.

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