Файл: Учебное пособие по английскому языку для практических занятий студентов 2 курса.docx

2. Paraphrase the following sentences using the words in bold.

1. I’m sure he is working in the reading room.

must He ________________ in the reading room.

2. Let’s have lunch in half an hour.

can We _________________ in half an hour.

3. It isn’t necessary for you to work on Saturday.

have You _________________ on Saturday.

4. I advise you to open a bank account.

should You _________________ a bank account.

5. It is possible that she has forgotten to call.

may She __________________ to call.

6. I’m sure Sylvia didn’t mean what she said.

can’t Sylvia ________________ what she said.

7. He was about to fall.

might He ____________________ have fallen.

8. He got used to jogging every morning.

would He ______________________ every morning.

9.Perhaps the car needs a new engine.

need The car _____________________ a new engine.

10.I’d better start studying for my exams soon.

ought I ________________________ for my exams soon.
3. Translate into Russian.

1. The calculation was to have been done in a precise way.

2. The laws of motion to be analyzed in this text must have been formulated by I. Newton.

3. Solutions can be found to many applied problems in solar-energy uses for industry and the home.

4. In certain cases the Doppler effect may also be used to detect rotation of a star.

5. For other machines, the address bus may have to be decoded to produce an equivalent signal.

6. A helicopter is able to rise vertically only because its propeller sets a stream of air into downward motion.

7. In order that we may be able to find out how efficient the engine is, we must measure the amount of energy that we put into it and compare this with the energy that it produces.

4. Read and translate the text. Safety officer/manager Every construction company of any size should appoint a properly qualified person (or persons) whose special and main responsibility is the promotion of safety and health. Whoever is appointed should have direct access to an executive director of the company. His or her duties should include: – the organization of information to be passed from management to workers, including those of subcontractors; – the organization and conduct of safety training programmes, including induction training for all workers on the site; – the investigation and review of the circumstances and causes of accidents and occupational diseases so as to advise on preventive measures; – acting as consultant and technical adviser to the safety committee; – participation in pre-site planning. To carry out these functions the safety ……. Find in the text and translate into Russian sentences containing modal verbs, the infinitive and the infinitive constructions.

UNIT 6

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
“Insanity: doing the same thing over

and over again and expecting different results”.

Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) was a theoretical physicist

and humanist.
LEAD-IN

1. 
   What do Environmental Engineers do?
   
2. 
   Do you think Environmental safety is a right or a duty of citizens?
   
3. 
   How do you understand the expression “green business”?
   
4. 
   Is waste disposal a problem in your city?
   

VOCABULARY

1.Read and learn the following words.

environmental - экологический science - научный/наука sewage - канализация waste - отходы reduction - сокращение pollution - загрязнения hazardous - опасный ancient - древний utilized - использованный sewer - сточная труба aqueduct - акведук drought - засуха disease - болезни preserving – сохранение reproductive - репродуктивный

society - общество widespread - широко распространенные yields - урожаи numerous - многочисленный species - виды extinction -вымирание cycle - цикл vividly - ярко conservation - сохранение law - закон notable - заметный enhancing - повышение convert - преобразовать

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2. Read the following words and word-combinations. Give their Russian equivalents.

Resources, area, chemistry, waste, synthesis, various, agricultural, biology, geography, hydrogeology, quality, ancient, aqueduct, century, percentage, cholera, death, society, world, yields, birth, conservation, law, example, Paris, further, preserving, efficient, product, Harappan, Roman, DDT, World War II, US, Bavaria.

3. 
   Guess the meaning of the words without a dictionary.
   

Engineering, principle, resource, organism, management, synthesis, Biology, Ecology, Geography, Geology, Hydrogeology, Statistics, process, policy, civilization, degradation, region, modern, design, cholera, industrialized, control, cycle, conservation, construction, national, park, system, public, form, energy, product.

4. 
   Put the words in columns, say which part of speech they belong to and translate them into Russian.
   

Nouns	adjectives	verbs	adverbs
environment

Environment, environmental; engineer, engineering; to apply, appliance, application; science, scientist, scientific; to improve, improvement; to provide, provider, provision; to remediate, remediation; to pollute, polluter, pollution; chemist, chemistry, chemical; to treat, treatment; to reduce, reduction.

5. 
   Read and translate the text.
   

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites.

Environmental engineering is a diverse field, which emphasizes several areas: process engineering, environmental chemistry, water and sewage treatment (sanitary engineering), waste reduction or management, and pollution prevention or cleanup. Environmental engineering is a synthesis of various disciplines, incorporating elements from the following: Agricultural engineering; Biology; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Civil engineering; Ecology; Geography; Geology; Hydrogeology; Public health; Solid waste; Water treatment; Wastewater treatment; Statistics.

There are several divisions of the field of environmental engineering: Environmental impact assessment and mitigation; Wastewater treatment; Air quality management; Environmental policy; Contaminated land management and site remediation; Environmental health and safety; Hazardous waste management; Natural resource management; Noise pollution; Risk assessment; Solid waste management.

Development of environmental engineering

Ever since people first recognized that their health and well-being were related to the quality of their environment, they have applied thoughtful principles in attempt to improve the quality of their environment. The ancient Harappan civilization utilized early sewers in some cities. The Romans constructed aqueducts to prevent drought and to create a clean water supply for the metropolis of Rome. In the 15th century, Bavaria created laws restricting the development and degradation of alpine country that constituted the region's water supply.

Modern environmental engineering began in London in the mid-19th century when Joseph Bazalgette designed the first major sewerage system that reduced the percentage of waterborne diseases such as cholera. The introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized countries reduced waterborne diseases from leading causes of death.

In many cases, as societies grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for those societies had longer-term impacts which reduced some environmental qualities. One example is the widespread application of DDT to control agricultural pests after World War II. While the agricultural benefits were outstanding and crop yields increased dramatically, numerous species were brought to the border of extinction due to the impact of the DDT on their reproductive cycles. The story of DDT vividly told in Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" is considered to be the birth of the modern environmental movement and the development of the modern field of "environmental engineering."

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Conservation movements and laws restricting actions that would harm the environment have been developed by various societies. Notable examples are the laws decreeing the construction of sewers in London and Paris in the 19th century and the creation of the U.S. national park system in the early 20th century.

Briefly speaking, the main task of environmental engineers is to protect public health by protecting from further degradation, preserving the present condition of, and enhancing the environment. Also they try to come up with new forms of energy and find ways to make it more efficient. They try to get people to convert to environmental friendly energy and products.
6.Give Russian equivalents to the following:

environmental engineering, application of science and engineering principles, to improve the environment, water and land resources, to remediate polluted site, process engineering, pollution prevention, synthesis of various disciplines, civil engineering, solid waste, environmental impact assessment, environmental impact mitigation, air quality management, contaminated land, site remediation, natural resource management, due to the impact, to harm the environment, new forms of energy.
7. Match up words with their definitions.

1) waste reduction	a) the science that deals with all forms of life
2) Ecology	b) illness carried by or through water
3)Geology	c) distribution of water to some place
4)water treatment	d) study of Earth's physical features
5)aqueduct	e) process used to make water more acceptable for use
6)waterborne disease	f) is the process of reducing the amount of waste produced by a person or a society
7)Biology	g) study of the relationships between living things and their environments
8)Geography	i) study of rocks and minerals
9)Hydrogeology	j) study of water movement through rock
10)sewer	k) a channel built to bring water from a distance
11) water supply	l) a large pipe, usually buried, that carries off the liquid and solid waste

8. Find pairs of synonyms.

to remediate, dangerous, earth, to create, minimisation, main, to prevent, dirty, purification, to treat, illness, polluted, sewage, treatment, reduction, hazardous, sewer, to protect, land, to design, major, disease.
9. Find pairs of antonyms.

Ancient, water, numerous, harm, land, healthy, good, construction, new, ill, to increase, solid, to lose, death, liquid, few, first, destruction, private, second, clean, dirty, modern, to find, major, public, birth, to reduce, old, minor.
10.Based on the text say if the statements are true or false.

1. Environmental engineering applies scientific and engineering principles to improve the environment.

2. The main task of environmental engineers is to come up with new forms of energy.

3. The ancient Harappan civilization used early sewers in cities.

4. Waterborne diseases became more frequent after the introduction of drinking water and sewage treatment.

5. The Romans constructed aqueducts to prevent drought and to create a clean water supply.

6. In 19-th century sewers were constructed in Paris.

7. Modern environmental engineering began in Rome in the mid-15th century.

8. Numerous species were brought to the border of extinction due to the impact of the DDT.

9. Londoners created laws restricting the development and degradation of alpine country.

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10. The story of DDT was told in Rachel Carson's book.
11 Answer the questions.

1. What is environmental engineering?

2. What does environmental engineering deal with?

3. What disciplines does environmental engineering include?

4. What is the main task of environmental engineering?
12. Prepare the retelling of the text.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE EARTH

1. 
   Read and learn the following words.
   

interference - вмешательство, препятствие ozone depletion - разрушение озонового слоя overpopulation - перенаселение forest destruction - уничтожение лесов aquatic life - водные организмы acidity levels - уровень кислотности

ingest - поглощать atmosphere traps - spills разливы - contaminate загрязнять - waste disposal утилизация отходов - emission эмиссия, выброс в атмосферу sulphur dioxide - диоксид серы nitrogen oxides - оксид азота fossil fuel - ископаемое топливо

2. 
   Read and translate the text.
   

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE EARTH
1. What is environment? The environment is our physical surroundings. This includes both human (man-made), social and physical (natural) features. Natural features include soil, the atmosphere, vegetation and wildlife. Human features include housing, transport and industry. Social features include things such as culture, language and political systems. A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire world. As globalization continues and the earth’s natural processes transform local problems into international issues, few societies are being left untouched by major environmental problems. Many people are concerned about human action in the environment. Human interference with the environment causes many environmental problems. Some of the largest problems now affecting the world are acid rain, air pollution, global warming, hazardous waste, ozone depletion, smog, water pollution, overpopulation, and rain forest destruction. Every environmental problem has causes, numerous effects, and most importantly, a solution.

2. What causes acid rain? Acid rain is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Burning oil, gas and coal in power stations releases sulphur dioxide (SO 2) into the atmosphere. Burning oil and petrol in motor vehicles puts nitrogen oxides (NO X ) into the atmosphere. These gases mix with water droplets in the atmosphere creating weak solutions of nitric and sulphuric acids. When precipitation occurs these solutions fall as acid rain.

3. What problems are caused by acid rain? Acid rain increases the acidity levels of rivers, lakes and seas. This can kill aquatic life. Acid rain increases the acidity levels of soils. This can kill vegetation. Acid rain from the UK has been found to destroy the roots and leaves of forests in Germany and Scandinavia. Acid rain can erode buildings and monuments (particularly if they are made from limestone).

4. What is global warming? Global warming is the worldwide warming of the atmosphere. Global warming is caused by the increases in the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases being released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. These gases add to the natural greenhouse effect.

5. What is the greenhouse effect? To understand global warming you first need to know about the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that controls the balance of heat within the earth’s atmosphere. It is the process whereby the natural layer of gases in our atmosphere traps a small percentage of the sun’s radiation reflected from the earth’s surface. Without the greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature would be about -18 degrees Celsius.

6. What problems are caused by global warming? Sea levels will rise due to the melting of the ice caps. This will cause flooding in many low-lying areas of the world. These areas include Bangladesh, East Anglia (England) and The Netherlands.

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7. What is water pollution? Water is necessary to life on earth. All organisms contain it; some live in it; some drink it. Plants and animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive if their water is loaded with toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. If severe, water pollution can kill large numbers of fish, birds, and other animals, in some cases killing all members of a species in an affected area. Pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to look at, to smell, and to swim in. Fish and shellfish harvested from polluted waters may be unsafe to eat. People who ingest polluted water can become ill, and, with prolonged exposure, may develop cancers or bear children with birth defects. The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, or physical materials that degrade water quality. Pollutants can be classed into eight categories, each of which presents its own set of hazards.

8. What is the harmful effect of petroleum products? Oil and chemicals derived from oil are used for fuel, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other purposes. These petroleum products get into water mainly by means of accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, pipelines, and leaky underground storage tanks. Many petroleum products are poisonous if ingested by animals, and spilled oil damages the feathers of birds or the fur of animals, often causing death. In addition, spilled oil may be contaminated with other harmful substances.

9. What is the harmful effect of pesticides and herbicides? Chemicals used to kill unwanted animals and plants, for instance on farms or in suburban yards, may be collected by rainwater runoff and carried into streams, especially if these substances are applied too lavishly. Some of these chemicals are biodegradable and quickly decay into harmless or less harmful forms, while others are not biodegradable and remain dangerous for a long time.

10. What are environmental engineers? Environmental engineers develop solutions to environmental problems using the principles of biology and chemistry. They are involved in water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health issues. Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies in which they evaluate the significance of the hazard, advice on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. They design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They conduct research on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects, analyze scientific data, and perform quality-control checks. Environmental engineers are concerned with local and worldwide environmental issues. They study and attempt to minimize the effects of acid rain, global warming, automobile emissions, and ozone depletion. They may also be involved in the protection of wildlife. Many environmental engineers work as consultants, helping their clients to comply with regulations and to clean up hazardous sites.
3. Find in the text the words or phrases which mean the same as:

окружающая среда, ядовитые химикалии, выпадение осадка, подвергать воздействию, водное загрязнение, человеческое вмешательство, проводить исследование, оценить значение опасности, физическая среда, растительность
4. Work in pairs and decide whether these statements are true or false:

1. The environment is our physical surroundings and it includes only human (man-made) features.

2. People are never concerned about human action in the environment.

3. Some of the largest problems now affecting the world are acid rain, air pollution, global warming, etc.

4. Acid rain is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

5. The term “global warming” does not mean the worldwide warming of the atmosphere.

6. To understand global warming you first need to know about the greenhouse effect.

7. Water is necessary to life on earth.

8. People who ingest polluted water can not become ill.

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