Файл: Радовель В.А. - Английский Язык.doc

as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graph­ical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards etc.

When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.

Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not provide the design capabili­ties of graphics and text representation on the display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usu­ally used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.

The mouse is an optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user's orientation on the display. The mouse's pri­mary functions are to help the user draw, point and select im­ages on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.

In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase emages. When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse's vertical movements, the other is track­ing horizontal movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giv­ing the user good control over the textual and graphical images.

In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.

Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in draw­ing and inputtig manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of a special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permit­ting capacity, that is the number of lines per inch, and their ca­pability to respond to the force of pen pressing .

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 120

Scanneris used for optical inputting of images (photogra­phies, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.

Digital videocameras have been spread recently. They enable getting videoimages and photographs directly in digital comput­er format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality photos.

Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digi­tal form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joysticks are widely used in computer games.

10. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What devices are used for inputting information into the computer? 2. What was the most common device in early per­sonal computers? 3. What is the function of a keyboard? 4. Why do many users prefer manipulators to keyboard? 5. How does the mouse operate? 6. What is its function? 7. What role does the ball on the bottom of the mouse play? 8. What is used in portable computers instead of manipulators? 9. What is the touch pad's principle of operation? 10. Where do graphical plot­ting tables find application?

11. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Введение информации; координатные устройства вво­да; манипуляторы; мышь; трекбол; сенсорная панель; гра­фические планшеты; цифровые камеры; сканеры; ТВ тю­неры; стандартная клавиатура; числовая и текстовая информация; световые индикаторы; клавиши; режим ра­боты; презентация текста на мониторе; графический ин­терфейс; программные средства; оптико-механическое "устройство ввода; управлять движением курсора; упрощать ориентацию пользователя на экране; указывать и выбирать изображения; удерживать кнопки в нажатом состоянии; двойное нажатие; стирать объекты; ровная поверхность; вращать ролики; следить за вертикальным движением; легко скользить; портативный компьютер; рукописный текст; посредством; разрешающая способность

121 Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

12. Вспомните значение новых глаголов и переведите сло­ ва, производные от них.

То accomplish: accomplished; unaccomplished; accomplish­ment.

To adapt, adaptable; unadaptable; adaptability; unadaptabil-ity; adaptation; adapter.

To digitize: digit; digital; digitization; digitizer.

To erase: erasable; erasability; eraser; erasing; erasure.

To match: matcher; matching.

To permit: permitted; permissible; permissibility; permission.

To print: printable; printed; printer; printing;

To scan: scanning; scanner.

To recognize: recognition; recognizer; recognizable; unrec­ognizable.

To respond: response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibil­ity; irresponsibility.

To reverse: reversed; reversible; irreversible; reversion; revers­ibility.

To transform: transformer; transformation; transformation­al; transformative

13. Проанализируйте предложения, содержащие конструк­ ции "for + Infinitive" и "Objective with the Infinitive". Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. It was not difficult for the pupils to understand the func­tion of the mouse in computer operation. 2. There is no reason for computer experts to use computers of the first generation now­adays. 3. The mechanism is provided with special devices/or the whole system to function automatically. 4. The text was very in­teresting but rather difficult for the students to translate it with­out a dictionary. 5. It is not easy for me to learn to speak En­glish fluently. 6. We know the machine to react to a series of electrical impulses that can be represented in binary numbers. 7. Scientists considered silicon to be one of the best materials for the creation of an 1С. 8. Wfe know all data to be translated into binary code before being stored in main storage. 9. Engi­neers expect these new devices to be tested very soon. 10. They want their son to become a computer operator and to design new computer models.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 122

14. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 3.

human-readable form — удобная для чтения форма performance [pa'fxmsns] — (рабочая) характеристика; производительность; быстродействие; скорость ра­боты; пропускная способность

character printer — принтер с посимвольной печатью; символьный принтер

line printer ['lain]— принтер с построчной печатью page printer ['peid;] — принтер с постраничной печатью

(поп) impact printer ['nonimpskt] — (бес)контактный принтер

letter-quality printer — принтер с типографским каче­ством печати

dot-matrix printer ['dot 'meitnks] — точечно-матричный принтер

ink-jet printer ['ink 'd3et] — струйный принтер laser-beam printer ['leiza *bi:m] — лазерный принтер

to identify [ai'dentifai] — идентифицировать; распознать; обозначить

approach [ap'routj] — подход; метод; принцип; прибли­жение

at a time — за один раз; одновременно

to cause ['ko:z] — вызывать; приводить к (ч.-л.); застав­лять; вынуждать

to strike against a ribbon — ударять по ленте typewriter ftarpraits] — печатное устройство to spray drops of ink — распылять капли чернил to affect [a'fekt] — влиять; воздействовать; сказываться на (ч.-л.)

technique [tek'mk] — метод; способ; техника; методика; технология

printer output — вывод на печать; распечатываемые дан­ные

123 / Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

15. Прочтите текст и назовите типы принтеров и их назна­чение.

Text3. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS

Printers provide information in a permanent, human-read­able form. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. Vfe will classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a dif­ferent speed range. In addition, printers can be described as ei­ther impact or nonimpact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Nonimpact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.

Character printers print only one character at a time. A type­writer is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix print­ers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers — in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form print­ed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which is affect­ed by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.

Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems. Their print­ing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be print­ing a line at a time. They are impact printers. Trie speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms. Two of the most common print mechanisms are

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 124

the drum and the chain. Drum printers use a solid, cylindrical drum, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of dram printers vary from 200 to over 2000 lines per minute. Chain printers have their character set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute.

Page printers are high-speed nonimpact printers. Their print­ing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophoto­graphic techniques, have developed from the paper copier tech­nology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18000 lines per minute.

16. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What are the three types of printers? 2. What is a letter-quality printer? 3. What is a dot-matrix printer? 4. What type of printer is the most common with microcomputer systems? 5. What is the most common printer type used on large com­puter systems? 6. What is an impact printer? Give an example. 7. What is a nonimpact printer? Give examples. 8. What are the most widely used printers? 9. How do you distinguish between a letter-quality printer and a dot-matrix printer? 10. Which of these printers is slower? 11. What types of character printers do you know? 12. How are printed characters formed by means of an ink-jet printer? 13. What are the main types of a line print­er? Which of them is faster? 14. What techniques are used in the operation of page printers?

17. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Удобная для восприятия человека форма; наиболее ча­сто употребляемые устройства вывода информации; раз­личаться по рабочим характеристикам и внешнему виду; принтеры с посимвольной печатью; принтеры с построч­ной печатью; принтеры с постраничной печатью; различ­ные методы печати; диапазон скорости; принтеры контак­тные и бесконтактные; ударять по ленте; печатать по одному символу; буквально все компьютеры; а также; тре­бования печати; принтер с типографским качеством печа-

125 Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

ти; точечно-матричные принтеры; струйные принтеры;разбрызгивать капли чернил; высокое содержание железа; магнитные поля; принимать форму символа; кажется, что печатают по строчке; барабанный принтер; цепочечные принтеры; лазерный принтер.

18. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­ вести словосочетания с этими словами.

Approach: comprehensive approach; database approach; ed­ucational (training) approach; general approach; graphic ap­proach; self-study approach; step-by-step approach; trial-and-error approach.

Performance: application performance; computer perfor­mance; device performance; disk performance; display perfor­mance; error performance; execution performance; memory performance; network performance; processor performance.

Printer: black-and-white printer; color printer; character (at-a-time) printer; dot-matrix printer; graphical (image) printer; impact printer; ink^:jet printer; laser printer; letter-quality print­er; matrix printer; network printer; page (at-a-time) printer.

Technique: advanced technique; analog technique; comput­ing technique; display (video) technique; formatting technique; hardware technique; measuring technique; modeling (simula­tion) technique; multimedia technique; numerical technique; programming technique; scanning technique; software tech­nique; testing technique.

19. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот Nominative with the Infinitive (сложное подлежа­ щее).

1. Printers are known to vary greatly in performance and design. 2. They are expected to be the most commonly used devices. 3. Magnetic fields are supposed to effect a high iron con­tent of the ink. 4. The ink-jet printer is stated to be one of the newest types of character printers. 5. Electrophotographic tech­niques proved to have developed from the paper copier technol­ogy. 6. An impact printer is considered to produce a printed char­acter by impacting a character font against the paper. 7. Dot-matrix printers seem to have a lower quality of type. 8. The most com­mon printer type used on larger systems is sure to be the line printer. 9. A lot of techniques are believed to be used in the de-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 126

sign of printers. 10A laser is certain to be an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

20. Прочтите текст и составьте письменно реферат на ан­ глийском языке.

MAGNETIC MEDIA DEVICES

Some of the devices mentioned above can perform both the input and output functions. Magnetic disc, magnetic diskette, and magnetic tape are examples of such devices. Magnetic discs, diskettes, and tapes can record data as output from primary stor­age and can also serve as input devices returning the data to primary storage.

Data are recorded on magnetic discs and magnetic tapes ei­ther by outputting the data from primary storage or by using a data recorder. Data recorders are not input devices, and they are not connected to the computer system. Instead they are offline recorders. The magnetic media recording devices are key-to-disk, key-to-diskette, and key-to-tape machines.

Key-to-disk devices are used as data recording stations in multistation shared-processor systems. They are able to correct data before storing it on a magnetic disk and before its entry into the main computer system.

Key-to-diskette systems store data on flexible discs, called diskettes. Diskettes are inexpensive and reusable.

Key-to-tape devices can record data on reels, on cassettes, and on tape cartridges. The magnetic tape reels produced by key-to-tape systems are in a computer-compatible format for subsequent direct data input into a computer. However, data on cartridges and cassettes often are transferred to higher-speed media, such as a full-sized reel of magnetic tape or magnetic disc, for data transfer to the computer.

21. Выполните перевод следующего текста письменно по вариантам.

KEYBOARD DEVICES

1. There is a wide variety of keyboard devices, or terminals, available for use in entering data directly into a computer.

127 Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

The visual display terminal (VDT)is the most popular type of I/O device in use today. It consists of a typewriterlike key­board for inputting and a cathode ray tube (CRT) for display­ing output data. Each character entered through the keyboard is also displayed on the CRT. When keyed the data are held in a small memory, called a buffer, within the terminal itself. The data are not sent on to the computer until the operator presses an enter key on the keyboard. This allows the operator the op­portunity to proofread or verify the data being entered by read­ing the data displayed on the screen. There are three major uses of VDT's: alphanumeric displays, graphic displays, and input through a light pen.