Файл: Радовель В.А. - Английский Язык.doc

Alphanumeric displays. The most common use of the visual display terminal is to display alphanumeric data, that is, char­acter data. Because of their relatively fast output rates and their ability to provide a viewer with an "instant" output, video dis­plays have replaced printers for many applications.

Graphic displays. Visual display terminals with a graphic dis­play capability provide a very powerful and versatile tool for many users. Graphic-display devices provide not only a means of displaying high-resolution drawings but also the capability of manipulating and modifying the graphic display. The busi-nessperson can use the graphic display to present data in the form of line charts, bar charts, or pie charts. Graphic displays can be very effective in information systems for business man­ager.

2. Different types of keyboard devices, such as visual display terminals, teleprinter terminals, and point-of-sale devices are among the keyboard devices.

A light pen is a photosensitive penlike instrument which can sense a position on the cathode ray tube (CRT) when the end of the pen is held against the screen. The light pen is an input device. By sensing the position on the screen when you touch it by the light pen, you are inputting data to the main storage. The light pen is commonly used by engineers to modify designs.

Teleprinter terminals. There are situations where it is desir­able to have a printed copy of data outputted to a terminal. If a user finds a printed copy to be required, the solution could be a teleprinter terminal. A teleprinter terminal has a keyboard for input and a typewriterlike printer for output. These printers are

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 128

character printers and are therefore slower output devices thanCRT displays.

A point-of-sale (POS) device is the electronic equivalent of a cash register, however it is capable of capturing more data than a cash register. Most point-of-sale devices are online terminals attached to a computer for processing the transaction while the customer is making the purchase. The significant features of most of the current electronic POS devices include: the capa­bility of entering extensive information about the sale, the guid­ing of the operator through the possible transactions by a series of lighted indicators or messages, a provision for transmission of the data to a central computer, and the provision for a local computational capability such as price extensions and tax cal­culations.

TESTS 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.

1. Input-output devices allow the computer to with

its external environment.

a) compute; b) command; c) communicate

2. An I/O interface is a special that converts input

data to the internal codes.

a) register; b) processor; c) plotter

3. The devices allow the computer to communicate

with its external environment.

■ a) high-speed; b) medium-speed; c) low-speed

4. The low-speed devices are those with complex mechani-

cal motion or those that operate at the speed of a human

operator.

a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) electronic

5. Data are entered from a in a manner similar to

typing.

a) keyboard; b) digitizer; c) printer

6. A remote banking terminal is an example of a

input environment.

a) human-dependent; b) human-independent; c) human-related

129 Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

7. Input match the physical or electrical character-

istics of input devices to the requirements of the computer

system.

a) interconnections; b) interfaces; c) intercommunication

8. They data into the binary codes.

a) transmit; b) translate; c) transform

2. Согласуйте слова левой колонки с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.

1. Scanner sa) a device producing output in a hu-

man-readable format;

2. Keyboard £, b) a manipulator used mainly in com-

puter games;

3. Touch pad > c) a device enabling to get video imag-

es in digital form;

4. Mouse d) a device converting the finger move-

ment into the cursor movement , across the screen;

5. Plotter oe)a device for direct data entry, which

can convert images into the comput­er form;

6. Joystick '0 a special pen that can draw and in-

put texts;

7. Digital camera 'X g) a device inputting numerical and text

data by means of keys;

8. Magnetic disc '■' h) an optic-mechanical device helping

the user select images on computer display due to rotating balls;

9. Printer i) an entirely electronic high-speed de-

vice keeping information.

3. Прочтите внимательно текст. Заполните пропуски подхо­ дящими словами в предложениях, данных после текста.

SCANNERS

Scanners provide a capability for direct data entry into the computer system. The major advantage of this direct data entry is that humans do not have to key the data. This leads to faster and more accurate data entry. The two major types of scanners

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 136

are optical scanners and magnetic-ink character recognitiondevices.

Optical scanners are input devices that can "read" data re­corded on paper. The scanning techniques used involve a light source and light sensors; thus, they are called optical devices. The data to be scanned may be typed or handwritten charac­ters, data-coded as pencil marks, or data-coded as bars. The common optical scanner devices are called optical character readers, optical mark readers, and bar-code readers.

An optical character reader (OCR) inputs data by using opti­cal scanning mechanisms that can detect or scan alphabetic and numeric characters printed on paper. If the data are typewrit­ten, they must be typed using a special type font, called an OCR font. Examples of the use of OCR devices include the scanners used by the Postal Service to aid in sorting bulk mail, and as first-draft input for word processing system.

Optical mark readers (OMR) are able to detect pencil marks, made on special paper forms. The actual inputting of data through an OMR device involves shining a light on the page being scanned and detecting the reflections from the pencil marks. Pencil marks made with a soft lead pencil (high graph­ite content) will reflect the light. It is this reflection that the OMR device detects.

Optical bar-code readers detect combinations of marks or printed bars that represent the data. Bar codes have been used for a number of years for some types of credit card processing and by the post office for mail sorting. It is very common to use bar-code readers in conjunction with point-of-sale devices. The most widely known bar code is the universal product code (UPC), which now appears on almost all retail packages.

Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) devices were de­veloped to assist the banking industry. MICR devices speed up data input for the banking industry by reading characters im­printed on paper documents using a magnetic ink (an ink that contains iron oxide particles). Check and deposit form process­ing is the largest application of MICR.

}?l Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

Notes

bar-coded reader — устройство^считывания штрих-кода type font — печатный шрифт point-of-sale device — кассовый терминал

1. The scanning techniques of optical scanners use .

a) mechanical mechanisms; b) electronic processor c) a light source

2. Optical bar-code readers have been used by the .

a) radioengineering; b) banking industry; c) post-office

3. The largest application of is processing of vari-

ous documentation in bank industry, a) OMR; b) OCR; c)MICR

Unit 10 PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1. Ознакомьтесь с новыми словами и терминами текста 1.

personal computers — персональные компьютеры competitive operating systems — конкурирующая опера­ционная система

IBM (International Business Machine) — фирма по про­изводству компьютеров to enter the fray — ввязаться в драку computer of choice — лучший компьютер to fall by the wayside — остаться в стороне; уступить до­рогу

to survive onslaught [sa'vaiv 'onsbt] — выдержать конку­ренцию

word size — размер слова; разрядность двоичного слова soft-copy output — вывод электронной, программно-управляемой копии

hard-copy output — вывод «твердой» печатной копии online storage — неавтономное хранение данных в ЗУ offline storage — автономное хранение данных отдельно

от компьютера

input media — носитель для входных данных output media — носитель для выходных данных general -purpose — универсальный; общего назначения stand-alone — автономный to plug in ['р1лд in] — подключать; подсоединять leisure activities ['1езз ak'tivitiz] — досуговая деятельность

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, существуют ли отличия пер­ сональных компьютеров от больших компьютеров и в чем они заключаются.

Text 1. PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the

133 Unit 10. Personal Computers

Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competitive oper­ating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM en­tered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the way-side. One of the few companies to survive IBM's on­slaught was Apple Computer, which is sure to remain a major player in the personal computer marketplace. In less than a de­cade the microcomputer has been transformed from a calcula­tor and hobbyist's toy into a personal computer for almost ev­eryone.

What is a personal computer? How can this device be char­acterized?

• First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip.

• Second, a PC has a memory and word size that are small­ er than those of minicomputers and large computers. Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main memories range in size from 16 К to 512 K.

• Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive, and less powerful input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. Most often, input is by means of a keyboard, soft-copy output being displayed on a cathode-ray tube screen. Hard-copy output is produced on a low-speed character printer.

• A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and offline storage devices and also as input and output me­ dia.

• Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place.

Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal com­puter is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 134

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. When did the first personal computer appear? 2. What was one of the first PC model? 3. What is a personal computer?

4. What are the four main characteristics of a PC? 5. What does the term * microprocessor-based" mean? 6. What are the typi­ cal word sizes of a PC? 7. How is input carried out in personal computers? 8. What principle storage devices do PC use? 9. What kind of a system is a PC? 10. What differs personal com­ puters from large computer systems?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Конкурирующая операционная система; появляться ежедневно; ввязаться в драку; лучший компьютер; остаться в стороне; выдержать конкуренцию; главный поставщик на компьютерном рынке; игрушка для любителя; микро­процессорный; цельный кристалл (микросхема) из крем­ния; размер слова; компоненты меньшей мощности; по­средством; вывести на экран; низкоскоростной принтер с посимвольной печатью; использовать гибкие диски; при­боры (не) автономного хранения данных; универсальный; автономная система; отличительная черта; интерактивный режим; независимо от цели; досуговая деятельность.

5. Проведите грамматический анализ текста 1, найдите в нем инфинитивные и причастные конструкции. Переве­ дите предложения.

6. Переведите сложные предложения:

А) бессоюзные; В) с сочинительной связью. Запомните следующие сочинительные союзы: and, but, or, while, both ... and, as well as, not only... but also, either... or, neither... nor.

A) 1. The computer you told me about was constructed at a Russian plant. 2 We hope we'll buy the computer your friend spoke so much about 3. This is the principle the electronic computer is based upon. 4. The teacher says we may ask any questions we like. 5. Elements integrated circuits are made of are electrically interconnected components. 6. The main tendencies of 1С development scientists are working at are to increase the scale of

135 Unit 10. Personal Computers

integration and to improve reliability. 7. — Where are thecomputer games I gave you yesterday? — The computer games you are asking about are on the top shelf. 8. He was one of the greatest scientists the world had ever known.

B) 1. These devices can perform both the input and output functions. 2. Data are recorded on magnetic discs and tapes either by outputting the data from primary storage or by using a data recorder. 3. Neither-the programmer nor tha analyst could explain the cause of the computer errors. 4. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage. 5. This grammar exercise is not only too long but also very difficult. 6. Printers may be either impact ornonimpact. 7. Character printers are used with all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes. 8. Both primary and secondary storage contain data and the instructions for processing the data. 9. The CPU functional units can be in one of two states: either "on" or"ofF\ 10. High-speed devices are both input and output devices that are used as secondary storage.