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Cложные герундиальные обороты

Подобно существительному, герундий может определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном (иногда в общем) падеже. Это сочетание называется сложный герундиальный оборот.

При переводе на русский язык это существительное или местоимение становится подлежащим придаточного предложения, а герундий – сказуемым. Такой оборот часто вводится словами то, что; о том, что.

Сравните:

Упр. 6. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложный герундиальный оборот:

1. I am told of your being very busy. 2. Do you mind my smoking here? 3. My teacher insists (настаивать на) on my reading aloud every day. 4. I am not very friendly with him, so I was surprised by his asking me to dinner. 5. The thieves (воры) broke into the shop without anyone seeing them. 6. He doesn’t mind his daughter going to the cinema once a week. 7. The teacher insists on these articles being translated into Russian. 8. There is no hope of our coming in time.

Упр. 7. Выучите значение следующих глаголов и словосочетаний, после которых упоребляется герундий. Предложения переведите:

Would you mind … - Будьте любезны …;

I don’t mind … - Я не возражаю …;

It is worth … - Стоит (что-либо делать) …;

I cannot help … - Я не могу не …;

to succeed in … -удаваться …;

to fail … - потерпеть неудачу, не суметь сделать что-либо.

Образец:

1. Would you mind passing me the salt?

Будьте любезны, подайте мне соль.

2. I don’t mind your staying with your friend.

Я не возражаю, если ты погостишь у своего друга.

3. His lectures are worth listening to.

Стоит послушать его лекции.

4. I cannot help laughing at his stories.

Я не могу не смеяться над его рассказами.

5. He succeeded in mastering his speciality.

Ему удалось овладеть специальностью.

6. They failed passing the exam.

Они не сдали экзамен.

1. You look wonderful today. I can’t help looking at you. 2. She can’t help telling him about this letter. 3. I couldn’t help inviting them to our party. 4. Do you mind my swithcing on the TV? 5. Do you mind our publishing the results of our work? 6. The exhibition (выставка) is worth seeing. 7. The article is worth seeing. 8. This country is worth visiting. 9. She succeeded in organizing the discussion. 10. They succeeded in getting the permission to see their son. 11. They failed keeping their promise. 12. John failed finding any job in London. 13. He didn’t come that evening. He failed catching the last train.

Вопросы для самоконтроля

1. Какие формы инфинитива передают действие, происходящее одновременно с действием, выраженным сказуемым? Приведите примеры.

2. Какие формы инфинитива передают действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному сказуемым? Приведите примеры.

3. В чем разница между активным и пассивным инфинитивом? Приведите примеры.

4. После каких слов частица to не употребляется перед инфинитивом?

5. Как образуется Participle I и какие функции выполняет и как переводится на русский язык (в функции определения и обстоятельства)? Приведите примеры.

6. Как образуется Participle II и как переводится на русский язык? Приведите примеры.

7. Какие свойства, общие с существительным, имеет герундий?

8. Какая разница между простой и перфектной формами гернудия?

9. Назовите словосочетания, после которых англичане предпочитают употреблять герундий.

Задание на IV семестр

1. Знать ответы на все вопросы для самоконтроля.

2. Прочитать и перевести тексты по специальности.

3. Письменно выполнить контрольную работу № 4.

TEXT I

Упр. 1. Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова и выражения к тексту:

 spider [`spaid] паук  species [`spi:iz] вид, виды  insect [in`sekt] насекомое  arachnid паукообразные  cave [keiv] пещера  woodlice [`wudlais] мокрица  centipede [`sentipi:d] губоногое; многоножнка, сороконожка  web [web] паутина  arachnophobia боязнь пауков  docile [`dousail] послушный, понятливый

Упр. 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Simply Spiders

There are over 40 000 different species of spider. Remember: spiders are NOT insects, although many people think they are. Ask your friends, and if they say that spiders are insects, give them a surprise. Spiders are arachnids! Insects have six legs, and arachnids have eight. Arachnids also have a two-part body and two pinchers. They don’t have antennae, but instead have bristly hairs on their body and legs, which are used to pick up signals and messages – spiders can taste things with their feet!

Spiders live everywhere, from the tops of mountains to the bottoms of caves, wherever there is food.

Most spiders catch their own food and most eat insects, woodlice and centipedes. Larger spiders, such as the tarantulas, can catch and kill birds, lizards and snakes.

Only half of all spiders can spin webs, which they use to catch prey. Other spiders have to hunt or lie in wait for their food. Spiders don’t get stuck in their webs because they have special claws on the ends of their legs, which they use to move across the web without touching the sticky areas. Some spiders build webs which can be up to 1.5 metres in diameter!

A fear of spiders is called arachnophobia, but only a few spiders are harmful to humans.

In Europe, there are no poisonous spiders, but in Australia and the USA, people learn to live with some of the most dangerous spiders, including black widow.

The world’s most poisonous spider is found in Brazil and is called the Brazilian huntsman. There is an antidote for this spider, and the number of people who die from their bites is very low.

So spiders (most of them) are not dangerous, and you might seriously consider having a spider for a pet. They can be very useful at home, for they kill flies, they don’t need much space, they are not too noisy, and they are generally very docile.

Упр. 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. Why does the author say that spiders are not insects? 2. Where do spiders live? 3. Can all spiders spin web? 4. Why so spiders build webs? 5. Are spiders harmful to humans? 6. Are you afraid of spiders? 7. What is a fear of spiders called?

Упр. 4. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие с помощью фраз: Yes, it’s true. No, it’s wrong:

1. Spiders can taste things with their legs. 2. The world’s most poisonous spider is found in Belarus. 3. The number of people who die from their bites is very high. 4. In Europe there are no poisonous spiders. 5. Spiders use webs to move across it.

TEXT II

Упр. 1. Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова и выражения к тексту:

 barren [`bærn] пустошь, пустырь  rocky [`rki] каменистый  healthful [`helful] здоровый  dump [dmp] выбрасывать, вываливать  waste [weist] отходы  leak [li:k] давать течь, протекать  spill проливать  oil [il] нефть  trash мусор  state зд. состояние  improve [im`pruv] улучшать  marine [m`ri:n] морской  protect защищать  turtle [t:tl] черепаха  whale [weil] кит  mistake ошибочно принять за  litter [`lit] мусор, мусорить  since [sins] зд. так как  take part принимать участие  beach [bi:t] пляж, побережье  flow [flow] течь, протекать

Упр. 2. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова. Запомните их:

realize [`rilaiz], vital [vaitl], ocean [oun], `planet, board [b:d], circle [s:kl], energy [`end i], minerals [`minirls], regulate [`regjuleit], temperature [`temprit], toxic [`tksik], situation [,sitju`ein], state [steit], plastic [`plæstik], bottle [btl], affect [`fekt], project [pr`d ekt], tanker [`tæk]

Упр. 3. Соотнесите английские и русские слова:

1) the sun; 2) the Earth; 3) air; 4) environment; 5) to keep; 6) need; 7) ships; 8) boaters; 9) overboard; 10) hopeless; 11) birds; 12) everyone; 13) to learn more; 14) a way; 15) almost; 16) clean-up; 17) to throw.

а) бросать; б) окружающая среда; в) земля; г) солнце; д) воздух; е) сохранять; ж) за борт; з) безнадежный; и) птицы; к) нуждаться; л) почти; м) способ; н) очистка; о) узнавать больше; п) все, каждый; р) люди, плавающие на лодках.

Упр. 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

SOS – SAVE OUR SEAS!

Many people don’t realize just how vital the ocean is. Without the ocean, the Earth would be just another barren, rocky planet circling the sun. The ocean gives us food, energy and minerals. It regulates the air temperature and helps to keep the environment healthful.

Today, the ocean needs helps. Ships dump toxic waste, tankers leak and spill oil, boaters throw trash overboard…

The situation may sound hopeless, but it’s not. You, your parents, your friends… everyone can help. You are already doing something important: you are learning more about the state of the ocean and what can be done to improve it. Here are a few more things you can do today.

Protect ocean birds and marine life: don’t throw plastic bags, bottles, etc. in or near the water. Sea birds, turtles, whales and other sea animals often mistake plastic things for food and die.

Don’t litter. Rubbish has a way of ending up in rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Let people know that since almost all water usually flows into the sea, what we do inland can affect the oceans.

Take part in beach clean-up projects.

Упр. 5. Перескажите текст, используя следующие вопросы:

1. Do all people realize how vital the ocean is? 2. What would the Earth be like without the ocean? 3. What does the ocean give us? 4. How do we pollute the ocean? 5. What can be done to improve the situation? 6. Why is it necessary необходимо to stop throwing plastic bags, bottles in the water?7. What can affect the oceans?

TEXT III

Упр. 1. Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова и выражения к тексту:

 border [b:d]– граница  once [wns]– когда-то  divert [dai`v:t] – отводить  feed up – питать, кормить  stretch – простираться  boundary [`baundri] – граница  success [sk`ses]– успех  impact – влияние  surface [`s:fis]– поверхность  salt-encrusted [`s:lt in`krstid] – покрытый солью  wastelands – пустошь  apparent [`pεrnt] – очевидный  depend [di`pend] – зависеть  consequence [`knsikwens] – последствие  dust [dst] – пыль  surround [s`raund] – окружать  increase [in`kri:s] - увеличивать

Упр. 2. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова. Запомните их:

Plan, planner, irrigate [iri`geit], irrigation [iri`gein], hectare [`hekta:] , cotton, canal, kilometer [`kil,mi:t], parallel, production [pr`dkn], exporter, program, ecological, public [`pblik], percent [p`sent], square [skwε], salt, human, attribute [`ætribjut], port, comment, center, cancer [`kæns].

Упр. 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Death of a Sea

The Aral Sea, on the border between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, which was once larger than any of the Great Lakes except Superior, is disappearing. Since the 1920s, Soviet agricultural planners have used up the Aral Sea, diverting its waters to irrigate cotton. The two rivers feeding the Aral were drawn off to irrigate millions of hectares of cotton. The irrigation canal, the world’s longest, stretches over 1 300 kilometers, paralleling the boundaries of Afghanistan and Iran. The cotton production plan worked, and by 1937 the Soviet Union became a net exporter of cotton. The success of the cotton program, however, was to spell the end for the Aral Sea.

For a long time, the ecological impact on the sea and surrounding area was largely hidden from public view. Since the 1960s, however, the Aral has lost about 40 percent of its surface area, or almost 20 000 square kilometers of what are now largely dry, salt-encrusted wastelands. The once-thriving fishing industry that depended on the water is all but gone. Another apparent consequence is a host of human illnesses. A high rate of throat cancer is attributed to dust from the drying sea.

The former fishing center of the sea was a town named Muynak. The town is now landlocked more than 30 kilometers from the water. Less than twenty-five years ago, Muynak was a seaport. In 1990, the mayor of Muynak and its last harbormaster commented: “The water continued to go away while the salinity increased. The weather changed for the worse, with the summers getting hotter and the winters colder. The people feel salt on their lips and in their eyes all the time. It’s getting hard to open your eyes here”.

Упр. 4. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. Where is the Aral Sea situated? 2. What was it like many years ago? 3. What is happening to it now? 4. Why is it disappearing now? 5. What rivers were drawn off to irrigate millions of hectares of cotton? 6. What was largely hidden from public view? 7. What percentage of water has the Aral lost since the 1960s? 8. What consequences has the death of the Aral Sea? 9. What can you tell us about the former fishing center Muynak? 10. What did the mayor of Muynak say in 1990 about the consequences of this ecological disaster? 11. Can you give some other examples of sea deaths?