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Упр. 2. Запомните слова, которые обычно употребляются с совершенными временами:

Present Perfect – already (уже), just (только что), never (никогда), ever (когда-либо), since (с тех пор, как), yet (еще), lately (в последнее время), recently (недавно), а также - today, this month, this week, this year …;

Past Perfect – by that time yesterday, by 3 o’clock, before he came;

Future – by that time tomorrow, by 4 o’clock, before she comes …

Упр. 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Сделайте их отрицательными и вопросительными:

1. We have made a mistake. 2. The lesson has began. 3. I have read today’s newspapers. 4. We have seen some boys. 5. Ann has been to London. 6. She has put on a new dress. 7. She has bought a new watch. 8. They have seen a lot of things. 9. The bus has stopped. 10. We have studied this problem since 1990.

Упр. 4. Поставив глаголы в скобках в Present Perfect, скажите, что действие уже выполнено.

Model: Why isn’t Igor doing his translation? – He has already done it.

1. Why isn’t Ann cooking dinner? 2. Why aren’t the boys learning the song? 3. Why aren’t you helping us? 4. Why isn’t he watching the film? 5. Why aren’t they learning the verbs? 6. Why aren’t you reading up for your exams? 7. Why isn’t he answering this question? 8. Why aren’t they typing the papers?

Упр. 5. Сравните времена:

Упр. 6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разницу в употреблении Present Perfect и Past Simple.

1. Has he come yet? When did he come? 2. Have you been to any museum lately? Yes, I have. I was in the Art Museum some days ago. 3. I have never been to Moscow, but my brother was there last year. 4. I have seen the new film. I saw it last week. 5. He began to read the book two weeks ago, but he hasn’t finished it yet. 6. When did you finish school? 7. Were you in England last year? No, I have never been to England. 8. Where were you born? 9. Your hair looks nice. Have you had a haircut? Yes, I had my haircut yesterday. 10. Where is Tom? He has gone out. He left his flat ten minutes ago. 11. Do you want to go to the cinema with us tonight? No, thanks. We have seen the new film. We saw it on Wednesday. 12. Have you ever eaten at the student canteen? Yes, I have. I have eaten there many times. I ate breakfast there an hour ago.

Упр. 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Indefinite.

1. We (to travel) around Europe last year. 2. My father knows so much because he (to travel) a lot. 3. I (to see) Pete today. 4. She (to see) this film last Sunday. 5. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago. 6. I just (to meet) our teacher. 7. The children already (to decide) what to do with the books. 8. Yesterday they (to decide) to help their grandmother. 9. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 10. She (to live) there last year. 11. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 12. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 13. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 14. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 15. The wind (to blow) off the man’s hat, and he cannot catch it. 16. The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 17. The wind (to change) in the morning.

Упр. 8. Прочитайте предложения и объясните употребление Past Perfect. Предложения переведите.

1. She had written the report by six o’clock. 2. By what time had the meeting been over? 3. I had not finished my work by Monday. 4. When we entered the hall, the performance had already begun. 5. As soon as I saw him I understood that something had happened. 6. I bought a new dictionary because I had lost my old one. 7. I told my friends a new joke which I had heard recently. 8. When I came out into the street I saw that the rain had stopped. 9. On my way home I met a friend of mine whom I had not seen for many years. 10. I didn’t recognize him because so many years had passed since we met last.

Упр. 9. Ответьте на вопросы, говоря, что действие уже произошло до того, как вас об этом спросили. Глаголы в скобках употребите в Past Perfect.

Model: - Why didn’t you watch that film on TV yesterday? (see)

- Because I had seen it before.

1. Why didn’t you see Ann when you came to Minsk? (leave) 2. Why didn’t you tell him my address? (forget) 3. What did Tom hear about Kate’s exmaination? (pass) 4. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (spend all the money) 5. Why couldn’t you get into your flat at once? (lose the key) 6. What did you learn about Bob? (marry) 7. What did he learn about Helen from the letter he received? (be ill for a month).

Упр. 10. Прочтите диалоги. Найдите глаголы в Perfect. Объясните его употребление. Диалоги переведите.

1.

• I’ll have written my composition by 6 o’clock.

• Oh, I shan’t even have begun mine by then. But I’ll have begun it as soon as supper is over.

• I hope you will.

2.

• Kitty, I want you to go to the baker’s before 6 o’clock. I have this ironing to do but I shall have finished it in half an hour and I need a loaf for supper.

• Can I go after 6 o’clock, Mum? I am watching an interesting film and it won’t have finished by 6 o’clock.

• I’m sorry, but the baker’s shop will have closed by the time the film finishes.

• All right, Mum. I’ll go now.

• I hope you will. We shall have had supper and you will have cleared the table by half past seven, then you can watch another film before your bed-time. Will it have finished by 9 o’clock?

• Oh, yes, it will have finished by half past eight.

Упр. 11. Скажите, что все эти действия уже произойдут к определенному моменту в будущем.

Model: The concert (finish) by 10 o’clock. – The concert will have finished by 10 o’clock.

1. We hope you (learn) all this by tomorrow. 2. I (finish) everything by the time you get back. 3. … you (write) all your letters by 5 o’clock? 4. By next Tuesday you (stay) with us for 5 weeks. 5. He (write) his report by Monday. 6. They (arrive) at the theatre by the end of the journey. 7. When we reach that village we (do) half of the journey. 8. They (go) for a walk by the time I have finished the job. 9. You (have) a good rest by the end of the week.

LESSON 3

ThePassiveVoice

Indefinite Tenses

В любом языке глаголы могут употребляться в 2-х залогах: активном (действительном) и пассивном (страдательном). Если глагол-сказуемое стоит в активном залоге, это означает, что подлежащее активно, т.е. само выполняет действе над объектом.

В предложении Я послал телеграмму

Я – подлежащее (деятель) выполнил действие над объектом (дополнением).

Если глагол-сказуемое стоит в пассивном залоге, это означает, что объект действия выполняет функцию подлежащего, и действие производится над ним. Исполнитель действия может не указываться. В предложении Телеграмма была послана мною подлежащее пассивно, действие выполняется над ним.

Упр. 1. Определите залог сказуемого в следующих предложениях.

1. Том убирает класс. 2. Мистер Грин коллекционировал марки. 3. Работа сделана вовремя. 4. Телеграмма будет отправлена вовремя. 5. Я отправлю телеграмму завтра. 6. Мы получили ответ 2 дня спуся. 7. Ответ был получен 2 дня спустя. 8. Они покажут тебе дорогу к университету. 9. Дом был построен 5 лет назад. 10. Текст будет переведен завтра.

В английском языке формы пассивного залога совпадают с русскими: т.е. они образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени (Present: am, is, are; Past: was, were; Future: will be) и смыслового глагола в форме причастия прошедшего времени (V -ed/3)

to be + V -ed/3

Спряжение глагола to invite в Present, Past и Fututre Indefinite

Сравните:

Упр. 2. Переведите предложения:

I teach – I am taught; I ask – I am asked; he introduced – he was introduced; they prepared – they were prepared; we ensure – we were ensured; I shall instruct – I shall be instructed; she will dress – she will be dressed; she admires – she is admired; we took – we were taken; it made – it was made; we shall invite – we shall be invited.

Способы перевода предложений со сказуемым в пассивном залоге

1) глаголом «быть» в сочетании с краткой формой причастия страдательного залога (I was invited to the concert. - Я был приглашен на концерт);

2) глаголом, оканчивающимся на –ся, -сь (This question is being discussed. – Этот вопрос обсуждается);

3) глаголом в действительном залоге в 3-ем лице множественного числа в составе неопределенно-личного предложения (Houses are built very quickly now. – Дома строят теперь очень быстро);

4) глаголом в действительном залоге, если в предложении (в страдательном залоге) есть дополнение с предлогом by (He was laughed at by the boys. – Мальчики смеялись над ним);

5) если дополнение с предлогом by отсутствует, то страдательный оборот переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным предложением (He was laughed at. – Над ним смеялись; The doctor was sent for. – За доктором послали).

Упр. 3. Выберите нужный вариант перевода сказуемого:

1) Special attention is paid to the translation of passive constructions.

a) уделяли; б) уделяется; в) уделяет; г) будет уделено; д) уделялось.

2) The students will be shown a new film.

а) показывают; б) показали; в) будут показывать; г) покажут; д) были показаны.

3) This road was built last year.

а) строят; б) строилась; в) строится; г) была построена; д) будет построена.

Обратите внимание, что предлог by присоединяет исполнителя действия (кем?): by me – мною, by him – им, by her – ею. А предлог with присоединяет орудие, при помощи которого выполняется действие (чем?): with a knife – ножом, with snow – снегом.

Упр. 4. Заполните пропуски «by» или «with»: