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Упр. 4. В данном тексте встречаются предложения с герундием (V+ing). Прежде чем переводить предложения, проработайте сведения о герундии в Части IV Lesson 4 пособия. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. Throwing things away carelessly pollutes the environment. 2. Spoiling natural beauty is another form of pollution. 3. Trash and garbage pollute important fishing areas. 4. Polluting the water is dangerous to all living things. 5. More complete burning makes smoke less dangerous. 6. Some chemicals leave over from manufacturing. 7. Recycling is done at special centers. 8. Is there a recycling center near you? 9. Using things wisely is another way to stop pollution. 10. The government makes laws about littering. 11. You and your family can help by obeying the laws.

Упр. 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

Your environment is everything around you. Soil, air, and water are all parts of your environment. Your environment includes people, plants, and animals. Buildings and automobiles are parts of your environment. What you see, breathe, smell and hear affect your life.

The environment is the whole world. Pollution of the environment can mean many things. Air, water, and land can be polluted. Throwing things away carelessly pollutes the environment. Spoiling natural beauty is another form of pollution. Noise pollutes the environment. Some wastes can be recycled. Other wastes can be treated to make them safe. Air, water, and soil need to be kept clean. Everyone can help to stop pollution.

Polluting the water

At one time, all lakes and streams were clean. The water was safe to drink. But that was before the days of large cities and factories. Now, many streams and lakes are spoiled by pollution. What pollutes the water?

In many cities, wastes from sinks and toilets run into sewers, or underground pipes. The waste materials that travel in sewers are sewage. In some cities, sewage flows into nearby streams. There, it kills fish and plants. Water in the streams is not safe to drink or to swim in. Some cities along the ocean throw their trash and garbage into the ocean. This pollutes important fishing areas.

Factories have many kinds of liquid wastes, such as oil, gasoline, and chemicals. Oil and gasoline wastes come from oil refineries. Liquid chemicals are sometimes dumped into streams. Some chemicals, such as pesticides, are poisonous. These pesticides are used to kill insect pests. Small amounts of pesticides will kill fish. These poisons make the fish that survive, or live, unsafe to eat.

Cleaning the water

In many cities, sewers lead to a sewage treatment plant, where harmful wastes are taken out. In a sewage treatment plant, a chemical called chlorine is added to the water. Chlorine kills germs. Water treated with chlorine is safe to drink. Sometimes, the waste water is sprayed into the air many times. Chemicals and air clean the water. Then, it is safe to put into a stream, or a lake, or the ocean.

Seattle, Washington, has a good way to handle sewage. For many years, sewage was dumped into Lake Washington. By 1960, most of the lake was polluted. Then, a new sewage treatment plant was built. Today, the lake is clean again. People swim, boat, and fish there.

Упр. 6. Прочитайте текст и подберите пары синонимов из списков а) и в)

1. 1. adapted p.p. 2. survive v, 3. environment; 4. fall n; 5. rest v; 6. hibernaton n; 7. unsafe a.

2. 1. everything that surrounds a living thing; 2. fitted p.p. 3. autumn n; 4. a resting stage; 5. stay alive; 6. hibernate v; 7. dangerous a.

Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What does our environment include? 2. What affects the life of people? 3. In what way can people pollute the environment? 4. When was the water of all lakes and streams safe to drink? 5. How do many cities pollute the water? 6. How do factories pollute the water?

Контрольная работа № 1 Вариант № I

Упр. 1. Перепишите предложения, указав время, в котором стоит глагол-сказуемое. Предложения переведите:

1. Where are you going? 2. Where does he go in the evenings? 3. We went to the cinema. 4. They will not go there. 5. You go there every month. 6. Your parents are proud of you. 7. He has no family. 8. They didn’t understand us. 9. Shall I see you tomorrow? 10. I know that. 11. You knew that.

Упр. 2. Сделайте предложения отрицательными:

1. Mary knows three thousand English words. 2. Tom worked in the garden yesterday. 3. They try to help us. 4. You will take the first place in the competition. 5. It is raining at present. 6. They are going to the stadium. 7. Kate met her friend. 8. I shall think about you.

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения вопросительными:

1. I go to the Institute by bus. 2. My friend has breakfast at home. 3. They came home from the Institute at 3 o’clock. 4. Ann is speaking English. 5. You are listening to me. 6. We shall translate the text tomorrow. 7. They study at our Institute.

Упр. 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув слово с окончанием –s. Укажите, какую функцию выполняет это окончание в каждом конкретном случае (т.е. служит ли оно для образования множественного числа существительного, 3 лица сказуемого в Present Indefinite или образует притяжательный падеж):

1. There are a lot of studies at our Institute. 2. Bill studies well. 3. It was pleasant to see the children’s rosy faces. 4. The room faces south. 5. My brother parks his car here. 6. Near our houses there is a large park. 7. I am going to my friend’s.

Упр. 5. Вставьте some, any, no и производные от них слова:

1. Have you … books? 2. Put … sugar in your tea. 3. He does not need … help. 4. Give me … to eat. 5. We read … about it. 6. Is there … on the table? 7. Is … listening to the radio?

Вариант № 2

Упр. 1. Перепишите предложения, указав время, в котором стоит глагол-сказуемое. Предложения переведите:

1. He reads well. 2. He read well. 3. What is he reading? 4. They will not read this book. 4. Why didn’t you read it? 5. He is not afraid of anybody. 6. I had many friends at school. 7. We saw you. 8. I shall understand you. 9. They do not go there. 10. She does not remember me. 11. She is looking for something.

Упр. 2. Сделайте предложения отрицательными:

1. She thinks about you. 2. Jane wanted to buy some fruit. 3. I shall see you tomorrow. 4. They are walking with little Alice. 5. I come home late. 6. I am waiting for you. 7. I get up early. 8. She understood well.

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения вопросительными:

1. Peter worked at the plant last year. 2. She often meets her friends at the University. 3. They are listening to musis. 4. Alice’s brother is sitting in the garden. 5. I teach biology. 6. I shall come home late. 7. She will understand you.

Упр. 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув слова с окончанием –s. Укажите, какую функцию выполняет это окончание в каждом конкретном случае (т.е. служит ли оно для образования множественного числа существительных, 3 лица сказуемого в Present Indefinite или образует притяжательный падеж):

1. Their great aims are mental health and normal development. 2. Our foreign policy aims at promoting peace. 3. He is Tom’s father. 4. The children’s names are Peter, Jack and Bill. 5. This hall houses only a part of the exhibits. 6. There are many new houses in our town. 7. London stretches for many miles.

Упр. 5. Вставьте some, any, no и производные от них слова:

1. … can understand this text: it is so difficult. 2. There is … in the next room. 3. Did you read … about it? 4. I can see … without glasses. 5. Is there … in that box? 6. Does … like apples? 7. He wrote … letters in the morning.

Вариант № 3

Упр. 1. Перепишите предложения, указав время, в котором стоит глагол-сказуемое. Предложения переведите:

1. John writes poems. 2. You do not understand me. 3. What are they writing? 4. What books did he write? 5. I wrote a letter to my friend. 6. When will you write it? 7. He was there at 12 o’clock. 8. She has many friends. 9. We didn’t tell them about it. 10. What will you do? 11. They are laughing at us.

Упр. 2. Сделайте предложения отрицательными:

1. I shall go there next week. 2. They visited the museum on Sunday. 3. She likes sweets. 4. I know Byelorussian as well as Russian. 5. Her parents arrived yesterday. 6. Mary is having an exam now. 7. We are going to the cinema. 8. We study French.

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения вопросительными:

1. My brother goes to town every day. 2. My sisters are standing at the window. 3. I bought the book. 4. They’ll come here on Tuesday. 5. You are studying the same book. 6. We get back at 5 o’clock. 7. They went by bus to the University.

Упр. 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув слова с окончанием –s. Укажите, какую функцию выполняет это окончание в каждом конкретном случае (т.е. служит ли оно для образования множественного числа существительного, 3 лица сказуемого в Present Indefinite или образует притяжательный падеж:

1. There are two tram stops near our Institute. 2. The tram stops not far from my house. 3. The boy places his instrument into a special box. 4. I’d like to see all the places of interest in your town. 5. We looked at the women’s faces. 6. I didn’t know that teacher’s friends. 7. He plays Hamlet.

Упр. 5. Вставьте some, any, no и производные от них слова:

1. … boys are football fans. 2. Have you … questions? 3. Is there … in the classroom? 4. It was very dark. We could see … . 5. Is there … in that box? 6. She is singing … . 7. He said … about it.

Часть II

LESSON 1

Степени сравнения прилагательных

Degrees of Comparison