Файл: ОЗО БФ англ..doc

1. Why are exhaust gases dangerous? 2. In what way do factories pollute air? 3. What is smog? 4. What cities in the world suffer страдают from smog most? 5. In what way can factory smoke be made less dangerous? 6. Give examples of solid wastes. 7. Where are solid wastes taken? 8. Why do junkyards pollute the land? 9. Do factories pollute only the air?

Упр. 7. Завершите предложения, подобрав из списка, данного ниже, подходящие по смыслу слова/словосочетания:

1. Cars, trucks and buses are … 2. … is the most dangerous pollutant. 3. A mixture of fog and smoke is called … . 4. … is anything that pollutes air, water or land. 5. Solid worthless material is called … . 6. … is a lorry that collects solid wastes and takes them away to junkyards. 7. … is substance causing death or harm if absorbed by a living thing.

(pollutant, poison, smog, trash, carbon dioxide, means of transport, trash track).

TEXT2

Упр. 1. Отработайте произношение слов активного словаря текста II. Запомните их:

 dig (dug) v копать  hole [`houl] n яма  sanitary landfill [`sænitri `lændfil] n место, где производят закапывание мусора, отходов  heat [hi:t] n теплота  billboard [`bilb:d] n доска для афиш и объявлений  power line(s) [`pau `lain] n электросеть, электрические провода  power plant [pla:nt] n электростанция  ugly [`gli] a безобразный, уродливый, некрасивый  bother [`b∂] v причинять беспокойство  hurt [h:t] v (hurt) причинять боль  motocycle [`moutsaikl] n мотоцикл  community [k`mju:niti] n община, сообщество  government [`gvnmnt] n правительство  litter [`lit] n сор, мусор; v сорить, мусорить  obey [`bei] v подчиняться, повиноваться  respresentative [,repri`zenttiv] n представитель, депутат  engine [`end in] n мотор  fuel [`fju:l] n топливо  whenever [wen`ev] cj всякий раз когда; когда бы ни

Упр. 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие интернациональные слова:

recycle [`ri:`saikl] v, recycling [ri`saikli] n, special [`spel] a, center=centre [`sent] n, material [m`tiril] n, natural beauty [`nætrl], protect [pr`tekt] v, automobile [`:tmbi:l] n, a

Упр. 3. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание, что относительное местоимение what, присоединяющее придаточные подлежащие, сказуемые и дополнительные предложения, часто переводится на русский язык посредством то что:

1. This is not what I want. 2. The weather is not what it was yesterday. 3. They laughed at what he said. 4. Another kind of pollution spoils what we see. 5. What you see, breathe, smell and hear affect your life.

Упр. 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

FIGHTING LAND POLLUTION

In many cities, solid trash is buried. Holes are dug in the ground. The trash is dumped into the holes. Then, the trash is covered with earth. The places where trash is buried are called sanitary landfills. When the land is filled in, it can be made into a park. Houses can be built on landfill, too.

Some kinds of solid wastes, such as cans and bottles, can be used again. They can be recycled. Paper can be recycled, too. Recycling is done at special centers. The used material is sent to factories, where new things are made from it. Is there a recycling center near you? If there is, you can take wastes there. Sometimes, you may be able to use things over again at home or in school, too.

Other kinds of pollution

Heat can cause pollution. Electrical power plants and factories burn coal or oil. That is how they make the electricity and other things that we need. Sometimes water from streams or lakes is used to cool these plants and factories. Then, this water becomes hot. The hot water is returned to the stream or lake. Because it is hot, the water spoils the environment of the stream or lake. It may also kill the plants and animals living there.

Another kind of pollution spoils what we see. Billboards and junkyards are not pretty. Power lines and even some buildings are ugly. They spoil the natural beauty of the land.

Noise pollutes the environment, too. Loud noise bothers many people. It can also hurt our ears. Trucks, motorcycles, and cars all make life noisy.

Is there pollution in your community? Many people are trying to stop pollution. But the big causes of pollution are hard to stop. People in the government can help and so can you. The government makes laws about littering and about wastes from power plants and factories. You and your family can help by obeying the laws. You can write to your representative in congress about new laws to protect the environment.

Using things wisely is another way to stop pollution. When people waste things, they cause more pollution. What can you do to stop wasting things?

Factories can be made to produce less smoke. Automobile engines can be built that produce less carbon monoxide. But whenever fuels are burned, there will always be some waste gases or smoke. Engineers are trying to find ways to remove wastes from factory and automobile exhausts.

Упр. 5. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What is the difference between junkyards and sanitary landfills? 2. Which way is better? 3. Is it necessary to dump cans, bottles and paper into sanitary landfills? 4. Is there a recycling centre near your town? 5. How do power plants make electricity? 6. What do they use to cool power plants? 7. Is this water harmful? 8. Is noise a pollutant? 9. How can each of us help to stop pollution? 10. What are the ways to stop pollution?

TEXT 3

Упр. 1. Отработайте произношение слов активного словаря текста III. Запомните их:

 biosphere [`baisfi] n биосфера  originate [`rid ineit] v возникать; давать начало  casual [`kæ ul] a непреднамеренный, случайный  casually adv случайно  concept [`knsept] n понятие, идея, общее представление, концепция  play part of smth играть роль  science [`sains] n наука  scientist [`saintist] n ученый  essential [i`senl] a существенный, существенно важный  essentially adv существенно, существенным образом; по существу  accept [k`sept] v признавать, принимать  emerge [i`m:d ] v появляться, возникать  relatively [`reltivli] adv относительно  layer [`lei] n слой  influence [`influns] v влиять  composition [,kmp`zi()n] n состав  fragile [`fræd ail] a хрупкий  film n пленка, легкий слой чего-л., оболочка  vary [vri] v разниться, расходиться; разнообразить; (из)менять(ся)  desert [`dezt] n пустыня  cycle [`saikl] v проходить цикл развития; повторяться  run [rn] (on smth) v циклически функционировать за счет чего-л., работать, действовать  space n космос; пространство  biota [bai`out] n биота, фауна и флора определенного района  biotic [bai`tik] a жизненный, живой, биотический; biotic potential способность организма или вида к выживанию  abiotic [,æbai`tik] a абиотический, неживой, нежизненный  lithosphere [`lio(u)sfi] n литосфера  liquid [`likwid] n жидкость; а жидкий  branch [bra:nt] n область, отрасль  treat [tri:t] v рассматривать, трактовать  human [hju:mn] a человеческий  level [`levl] n уровень  interaction [intr`ækn] n взаимодействие  concern [kn`s:n] n интерес; беспокойство, забота; отношение  particular [p`tikjul] a особенный  unit [`ju:nit] n единица  population [,ppju`lein] популяция; население  multidisciplinary [,mlti`disiplinri] a включающий многие отрасли наук  draw [dr:] v (drew, drawn) facts привлекать, собирать факты  chemistry [`kemistri] n химия  originally [`rid nli] adv первоначально, сначала  deal [di:l] v (dealt) with problems заниматься проблемами  growth [grou] n рост  emergence [i`m:d ()ns] n появление  along with наряду с  magnitude [`mægnitju:d] n величина, размеры  complexity [km`pleksiti] n сложность, запутанность  rate [reit] n темп, скорость  modify [`mdifai] v видоизменять  modification [,mdifi`kei()n] n модификация, видоизменение, изменение  observe [b`z:v] v наблюдать, следить  observation [,bs(:)`vein] n наблюдение  satellite [`sæt`lait] n спутник, искусственный спутник  reveal [ ri`vi:l] v обнаруживать, показать  to some extent [iks`tent] n до некоторой степени  damage [`dæmid ] v повреждать  agricultural [,ægri`kltr()l] a сельскохозяйственный  whereas [wr`æz] cj в то время как, тогда как  remain [ri`mein] v оставаться  intact [in`tækt] a нетронутый, неповрежденный  humankind [`hju:mn`kaind] n человечество, род людской  enter [`ent] v вступать в, входить в  relationship [ri`leinip] n отношение, взаимоотношение, связь  respond [ri`spnd] v реагировать на  importance [im`p:tns] n важность  global [`gloubl] a мировой, всемирный, общий, всеобщий

Упр. 2. Прочтите интернациональные слова и переведите их на русский язык:

biosphere [`baisfi], structure [`strkt], nature [`neit], natural [`næt()rl], human [`hju:mn], physics [`fiziks], concept [`knsept], cycle [saikl], lithosphere [`lio(u)sfi], atmosphere [`ætmsfi], hydrosphere [`haidro(u)sfi], organism [`:gnizm], ecosystem [`i:k(u),sistm], chemistry [`kemistri], discipline [`disiplin], modify [`mdifai], ecology [i`kld i], biology [bai`ld i], energy [`end i], component [km`pounnt], ogranization [,:gn(a)izei()n], biologic [,bai`ld ik], energetics [,en`d etiks], biochemical [,bai(u)`kemik()l], abiotic [,æbai`tik], tundra [`tndr], fauna [f:n], flora [`fl:r], industrial [in`dstril], transform [trns`f:m], radically [`rædikli], global [`gloubl]

Упр. 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

BIOSPHERE. ECOLOGY

The idea of biosphere originated rather casually more than a century ago. The concept played little part in scientific thought, however, until it was developed by the Russian scientist V.I.Vernadsky. It is essentially his concept of the biosphere that we accept today¹⁷.

The first living cells emerged between 4 billion and 3.8 billion years ago. At present biosphere includes vast numbers of plants, animals, and other life-forms of our planet, many of them are yet to be discovered. Biosphere is a relatively thin life-supporting layer around the Earth containing living organisms, which is strongly influenced in composition, structure and energetics by the living organisms. Part of the biosphere containing the highest concentration of living matter – the Earth’s thin and fragile “film of life” – varies from a few meters in deserts and tundra to a hundred meters in tropical forest regions and oceans.

The biosphere is a complex system of energy use and material cycling. This system runs on energy flowing into it from the Sun¹⁸ and it gives off energy (primarily as heat) to space.

We can divide the biosphere into two parts, living and nonliving, or biotic and abiotic. The biotic part of the biosphere consisting of fauna and flora is known to be called biota¹⁹. We can further divide the abiotic portion into three parts: the solid Earth or lithosphere, liquid water or hydrosphere, and the atmosphere.

Ecology is a branch of science which treats the world of nature – including its human component – at certain levels of biological organization. It is the study of the living organisms interactions with each other and with their environment. Particular concern of the ecologists is with the “higher” levels of life organization: from populations to biosphere. The functional unit in ecology is the ecosystem because it includes all of the interactions of communities with both their living (biotic) and their nonliving (abiotic) environments.

Ecology is a multidisciplinary science. Facts about ecological systems are drawn from biology, geology, chemistry, physics, and other sciences. Originally ecology was treated as environmental biology. Modern ecology has to deal with environmental problems caused by human activities.

People have always affected the natural environment. But the population growth along with emergence of industrial world economy during the last two centuries has increased the magnitude, complexity and rate of these modifications. Today environment is not just modified by human action: it is radically transformed. Global satellite observations of the Earth²⁰ have revealed that about 60 percent of land surface is to some extent damaged by industrial, agricultural, and other human activities, whereas no more than 40 percent of land remains intact.

Humankind is entering a new era in its evolution characterized by a new relationship with nature. An understanding of how the biosphere works, and how it responds to the global environmental change is of fundamental importance.

Упр. 4. В тексте имеется несколько определений. Приведите термины, чтобы сделать предложения завершенными:

1. … is the layer around the Earth in which all living organisms exist. 2. … is the sum total of all liquid and frozen water on or near the Earth’s surface. 3. … is a region of gases, airborne particles and water vapor enveloping the Earth (envelop – окутывать). 4. … is the solid Earth with the rocks, soils and sediment on its crust (rock – скала, горная порода; sediments – осадочные породы, отложения; crust – земная кора).

Упр. 5. Составьте как можно больше словосочетаний со следующими словами:

layer (thick, of water, of gas, outer, thin, around the Earth);

environment (biotic, intact, damaged, healthy, parts of, physical, clear);

interactions(humankind, nature, stable, communities, global, constant, living organisms, environment).

Упр. 6. Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What two main concepts are dealt with in the text? 2. Who developed the concept of biosphere? 3. What is biosphere? 4. What two parts can the biosphere be divided into? 5. What does biota consist of? 6. What does the abiotic part of the biosphere consist of? 7. What is ecology? 8. What does the ecosystem include? 9. Where from does ecology draw facts about ecological systems? 10. What does modern ecology deal with? 11. How much of land surface is damaged by industrial, agricultural and other human activities? 12. How many percents of land remain intact?

Контрольная работа № 2 Вариант № 1

Упр. 1. Поставьте слова, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:

1. The sooner, the (good). 2. I think that rainy autumn is the (bad) season of the year. 3. One of the (rich) libraries in the world is situated in the British Museum. 4. It is the (big) risk I have ever taken. 5. John is (little) musical than his sister. 6. He looked (young) that his years. 7. You are not as (nice) as people think.

Упр. 2. Ответьте на вопросы по модели (употребив Present Perfect):

Model: - Why isn’t Nick translating the text?

- He has already translated it.

1. Why aren’t you buying this house? 2. Why isn’t Ann opening the window? 3. Why aren’t they going to the cinema? 4. Why isn’t she making tea? 5. Why aren’t they returning the document? 6. Why aren’t you phoning the doctor? 7. Why isn’t he bringing the magazine?

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и вопросительными:

1. She has bought a new dress. 2. Dr. Johnson has given an interesting lecture today. 3. They have been to Berlin. 4. We have written some new articles. 5. Allan has washed his clothes. 6. He has shown me her photo. 7. I have heard about it.

Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол-сказуемое в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:

1. He (to forget) to bring my book and I cannot do my lessons. 2. I (to read) much about the historical monuments of the city. 3. He (to smoke) a cigarette and (to leave) the room. 4. Every evening we (to play) in the garden. 5. In a moment we (to enter) the house. 6. Mr. Worthing (not to return) from town yet. I (to see) this film last week.

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Ты видел этот фильм? 2. Я не читала этой книги. 3. Они уже ушли. 4. Он принес мне сегодня новый журнал. 5. Я никогда не был в Ташкенте. 6. Она в этом месяце купила два новых платья. 7. Они нас уже поблагодарили.

Упр. 6. Переведите:

1. He did as you had told him. 2. Come tomorrow evening; by that time I’ll have finished my work. 3. The old man had laid down his knife and fork, and was staring at his son in amazement. 4. I shall be back by six, and I hope you will have had a good sleep by that time.

Упр. 7. Заполните таблицу, поставив предложение в соответ-ствующие времена: