Файл: English Grammar in Use_Raymond Murphy_2nd ed.doc

2. I --- (meet) Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago. They --- (go) to Berlin and I --- (go) to Madrid. We --- (have) a chat while we --- (wait) for our flights.

3. I --- (cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man --- (step) out into the road in front of me. I --- (go) quite fast but luckily I --- (manage) to stop in time and --- (not/hit) him.

6.4 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

1. Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).

2. 'What --- (you/do) this time yesterday?' 'I was asleep.'

3. '--- (you/go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.'

4. 'Was Carol at the party last night?' 'Yes, she --- (wear) a really nice dress.'

5. How fast --- (you/drive) when the accident --- (happen)?

6. John --- (take) a photograph of me while I --- (not/look).

7. We were in a very difficult position. We --- (not/know) what to do.

8. I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last --- (see) him, he --- (try) to find a Job in London.

9. I --- (walk) along the street when suddenly I --- (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody --- (follow) me. I was frightened and I --- (start) to run.

10. When I was young, I --- (want) to be a bus driver.

UNIT 7 Present perfect (1) (I have done)

A. Study this example situation:

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. 'He has lost his key' = He lost it and he still hasn't got it.

Have/has lost is the present perfect simple:

I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc.

he/she/it has (= he's etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc.

The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/been/written etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.

B. When we use the present perfect there is always a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now:

* 'Where's your key?' J don't know. I've lost it.' (I haven't got it now)

* He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now)

* 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (she is out now)

* I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (do you know where it is now?)

We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening:

* Ow! I've cut my finger.

* The road is closed. There's been (= there has been) an accident.

* (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.

C. You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet:

Just = a short time ago:

* 'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.'

* Hello. Have you just arrived?

We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected (see also Unit 110D).

* 'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it.'

* 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone.'

Yet = 'until now' and shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences (see also Unit 110C):

* Has it stopped raining yet?

* I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.

D. Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to):

* Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain. (= he is there now or on his way there)

* Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back from Italy)

For been (to) see also Units 8 and 125B.

EXERCISES

7.1 You are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about yourself and other people. Use the words given to make sentences. Use the present perfect.

Dear Chris,

Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.

1. I/buy/a new car

I've bought a new car.

2. my father/start/a new job

3. I/give up/smoking

4. Charles and Sarah/go/to Brazil

5. Suzanne/have/a baby

7.2 Read the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following:

arrive break go up grow improve lose

1. Mike is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key.

2. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She ---

3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is much better. ---

4. Tim didn't have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. ---

5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. ---

6. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. ---

7.3 Complete Bs sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet (as sbown).

1. A: Would you like something to eat?

B: No, thanks. I've just had lunch. (just/have)

2. A: Do you know where Julia is?

B: Yes, I --- her. (just/see)

3. A: What time is David leaving?

B: He --- (already/leave)

4. A: What's in the newspaper today?

B: I don't know. I --- (not/read/yet)

5. A: Is Ann coming to the cinema with us?

B: No, she --- the film. (already/see)

6. A: Are your friends here yet?

B: Yes, they --- (just/arrive)

7. A: What does Tim think about your plan?

B: I --- (not/tell/yet)

7.4 Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.

1. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says 'Would you like something to eat?'

You say: No, thank you. I've just had lunch. (have lunch)

2. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says 'Can I speak to Joe?'

You say: I'm afraid --- (go out)

3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.

You say: Wait a minute! --- (not/finish)

4. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says 'Shall I phone to reserve a table?'

You say: No --- it. (do)

5. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her.

You say: ---? (find)

6. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks 'Is Ann still at the bank?'

You say: No, --- (come back)

7.5 Put in been or gone.

1. Jim is on holiday. He's gone to Italy.

2. Hello! I've just --- to the shops. I've bought lots of things.

3. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's --- to the shop to get a newspaper.

4. Tom has. --- out. He'll be back in about an hour.

5. 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already --- to the bank.'

UNIT 8. Present perfect (2) (I have done)

A. Study this example conversation:

DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane?

JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places.

DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China?

JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice.

DAVE: What about India?

JANE: No, I haven't been to India.

When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been/have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that continues until now).

* Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)

* We've never had a car.

* 'Have you read Hamlet?' 'No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.'

* Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times!

* What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen.

In the following examples too the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently/in the last few days/so far/since breakfast etc.):

* Have you heard from George recently?

* I've met a lot of people in the last few days.

* Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.

* I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (= from breakfast until now)

* It's nice to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.

B. We use the present perfect with today/this morning/this evening etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B):

* I've drunk four cups of coffee today. (perhaps I'll drink more before today is finished)

* Have you had a holiday this year (yet)?

* I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?

* Ron hasn't worked very hard this term.

C. Note that we say 'It's the first time something has happened' (present perfect). For example:

Don is having a driving lesson. He is very nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson.

* It's the first time he has driven a car. (not 'drives') or He has never driven a car before.

* Linda has lost her passport again. It's the second time this has happened. (not 'happens')

* This is a lovely meal. It's the first good meal I've had for ages. (not 'I have')

* Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's phoned her this evening.

EXERCISES

8.1 You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done. Make questions from the words in brackets.

1. (ever/ride/horse?)

Have you ever ridden a horse?

2. (ever/be/California?)

3. (ever/run/marathon?)

4. (ever/speak/famous person?)

5. (always/live/in this town?)

6. (most beautiful place/ever/visit?) What

8.2 Complete Bs answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use a verb from this list:

be be cat happen have meet play read see see try

1 A: What's George's sister like?

B: I've no idea. I've never met her.

2. A: How is Amy these days?

B: I don't know. I --- her recently.

3. A: Are you hungry?

B: Yes. I --- much today.

4. A: Can you play chess?

B: Yes, but --- for ages.

5. A: Did you enjoy your holiday?

B: Yes, it's the best holiday --- for a long time.

6. A: What's that book like?

B: I don't know ---

7. A: Is Brussels an interesting place?

B: I've no idea --- there.

8. A: Mike was late for work again today.

B: Again? He --- every day this week.

9. A: Do you like caviar?

B: I don't know ---

10. A: The car broke down again yesterday.

B: Not again! That's the second time --- this week.

11. Who's that woman by the door)

B: I don't know --- before.)

8.3 Complete these sentences using today/this year/this term etc.

1. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven't seen him today.

2. I read a newspaper yesterday but I --- today.

3. Last year the company made a profit but this year ---

4. Tracy worked hard at school last term but ---

5. It snowed a lot last winter but ---

6. Our football team won a lot of games last season but we ---

8.4 Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples.

1. Jack is driving a car but he's very nervous and not sure what to do.

You ask: Have you driven a car before?

2. Len is playing tennis. He's not very good and he doesn't know the rules.

You ask: Have ---

3. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable.

You ask: ---

She says: ---

4. Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it's very new for her.

You ask: ---

She says: ---

UNIT 9. Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)

A. It has been raining. Study this example situation:

Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet.

It has been raining.

Have/has been ~ing is the present perfect continuous:

I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc.

he/she/it has (= he's etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc.

We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now:

* You're out of breath. Have you been running? (you're out of breath now)

* Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (he's tired now)

* Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

* I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that ...

B. It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation:

It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.

How long has it been raining?

It has been raining for two hours.

We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for ... and since ... The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped.

* How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English)

* Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.

* Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour.

* George hasn't been feeling well recently.

You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time:

Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight.

Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.

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Файл: English Grammar in Use_Raymond Murphy_2nd ed.doc

6.1 What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example).

6.2 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use the past continuous.

6.3 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.