Файл: Учебник по английскому языку.doc

Употребление и способы перевода инфинитива

Инфинитив употребляется в английском языке в целом ряде функций.

Инфинитив – подлежащее

Инфинитив – дополнение

Инфинитив – часть сказуемого

Особое внимание нужно обратить на инфинитив-определение и инфинитив-обстоятельство.

Инфинитив в функции определения следует переводить придаточным определительным предложением, начиная его словом «который».

При переводе предложения с инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства перед инфинитивом логично поставить слово «чтобы».

Инфинитив-определение

Инфинитив-обстоятельство

Упр. 6. Переведите:

1. We were ready to take the exam beforehand. 2. I wanted to be invited to the concert. 3. He is glad to have chosen this institute. 4. I am glad to have seen you. 5. There was nothing left for him to do but watch and wait. 6. Laws are not made to be broken. 7. To visit her was all that I wanted. 8. He is proud to have been offered this post. 10. My greatest wish was to tell her everything. 11. All I want to do is to help you. 12. Alice arrived in time to hear Tom’s remark. 13. I am sorry not to have seen her. 14. I don’t like to be interrupted. 15. I don’t like to interrupt.

Упр. 7. Переведите, обращая внимание на различные функции инфинитива:

1. To see is to believe. 2. To swim in the Black Sea was a real pleasure. 3. He wants to accept your offer. 4. He wants to be accepted to the University. 5. He is happy to have been accepted to the Academy. 6. To produce a great number of excellent consumer goods, meeting the requirements of the population, is the task of our light industry. 7. I am sorry to have interrupted you. 8. To resume meetings of our circle we have to speak to the Dean. 9. This is the problem to be solved as soon as possible. 10. That was a nice seaside place to spend the holidays. 11. I need a pen to write with. 12. Lomonosov was the first to use the Russian language in scientific books. 13. She was the last to speak at the meeting. 14. We were the first to ring him up and to tell the news. 15. He told us nothing about his plan of research work to be carried out next year. 16. I have something interesting to tell you. 17. There was nothing interesting at the exhibition to attract our attention. 18. To master this speciality one must work hard. 19. To improve the drawing skill one must draw every day. 20. To come to my office in time I must leave at 7.30. 21. To greet the teacher the students stand up when the teacher enters the classroom.

Упр. 8. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на форму и функцию инфинитива:

1. To do well on school tasks, children must carefully examine the details of information and reflect on what the best answer is. 2. Children spend many years in school where there are tasks to be accomplished (выполнять), people to socialize [‘sou∫əlaiz] (общаться) and be socialized by, and competencies [‘kmpi:tənsiz] (умение) to be developed. 3. To identify gifted disadvantaged children adequately, it is necessary to widen the assessment [ə’sesmənt] (оценка) procedure to include not only intellectual abilities but also behavior, motivation and personality attributes [‘ætribju:ts] (черты, свойства). 4. When T.Edison was a young boy, his teacher told him he was too dumb [dΛm] (тупой) to learn anything.

LESSON 4

Gerund Герундий

Герундий – одна из неличных форм глагола, выражающая название действия. Кроме глагольных свойств, герундий имеет свойства имени существительного. В русском языке соответствующей формы нет; по значению к герундию близки такие русские отглагольные существительные, как хождение, ожидание, воспевание и т. п.

Формы герундия совпадают с формами Participle I: V + ing: to work – working, to read – reading.

Значение герундия может передаваться существительным, инфинитивом, деепричастием (в функции обстоятельства), глаголом в личной форме и придаточным предложением:

Выбор способа перевода герундия зависит от его формы и функции в предложении.

Глагольные свойства герундия Формыгерундия

Tense Voice	Active	Passive
Indefinite одновременность	telling	being told
Perfect предшествование	having told	having been told

Упр. 1. Рассмотрите предложения, иллюстрирующие значение разных форм герундия:

Упр. 2. По форме сказуемого определите, одновременно ли его действие действию сказуемого или предшествовало ему. Предложения переведите:

1. I remember (помнить) having read the book before. 2. She likes sitting in the sun. 3. He talked without stopping. 4. Can you remember having seen the man before? 5. I avoided (избегать) speaking to them about that matter. 6. Excuse my interrupting (прерывать) you. 7. Excuse my having interrupted you. 8. They accuse (обвинять) him of having robbed (грабить) the house.

Упр. 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на залог герундия:

1. I am against being helped in this work, I can do it myself. 2. They are against helping him. 3. Mankind (человечество) is interested in atomic energy being used only in peaceful purposes (цели). 4. I never mind (возражать) seeing a good film twice. 5. He keeps asking me the time and I keep telling him to buy himself a watch. 6. She doesn’t like being interrupted. 7. They must not come to the party without being invited.

Свойства существительного, присущие герундию

Герундий, как и существительное, может выполнять в предложении функции подлежащего, части сказуемого, прямого и предложного дополнения, определения, обстоятельства.

Упр. 4. Изучите таблицу: