Файл: English Grammar in Use_Raymond Murphy_2nd ed.doc

39.1 Put the verb into the correct form.

1. I didn't know you were in hospital. If I'd known (I/know), I would have gone (I/go) to visit you.

2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If, --- (he/miss) it --- (he/be) late for his interview.

3. It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday. --- (I/forget)if --- (you/not/remind) me.

4. Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York. If --- (I/have) your address, --- (I/send) you a postcard.

5. A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time?

B: It was OK, but --- (we/enjoy) it more if --- (the weather/be) better.

6. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. --- (it/be) quicker if --- (I/walk).

7. I'm not tired. If --- (I/be) tired, I'd go home now.

8. I wasn't tired last night. If --- (I/be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.

39.2 Write a sentence with if for each situation.

1. I wasn't hungry, so I didn't eat anything.

_If I'd been hungry, I would have eaten something._

2. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.

If the driver in front ---

3. I didn't know that George had to get up early, so I didn't wake him up.

if I ---

4. I was able to buy the car only because Jim tent me the money.

5. Margaret wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.

6. You didn't have any breakfast - that's why you're hungry now.

7. I didn't get a taxi because I didn't have any money on me.

39.3 Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation, write a sentence with I wish ...

1. You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.

You say: _I wish I hadn't eaten so much._

2. There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong.

You say: I wish I ---

3. When you were younger, you didn't learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.

You say: ---

4. You've painted the gate red. Now you think that it doesn't look very nice.

You say: ---

5. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn't bring your camera.

You say: ---

6. You have some unexpected guests. They didn't tell you they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them.

You say (to yourself): ---

UNIT 40. Would I wish ... would

A. We use would ('d) when we imagine a situation or action:

* It would be nice to have a holiday but we can't afford it.

* I'm not going to bed yet. I'm not tired and I wouldn't sleep.

We use would have (done) when we imagine situations or actions in the past:

* They helped me a lot. I don't know what I would have done without their help.

* I didn't go to bed. I wasn't tired, so I wouldn't have slept.

For would in sentences with if see Units 37-39.

B. Compare will ('11) and would ('d):

* I'll stay a bit longer. I've got plenty of time.

* I'd stay a bit longer but I really have to go now. (so I can't stay longer)

Sometimes would/wouldn't is the past of will/won't. Compare:

present -> past

Tom: I'll phone you on Sunday. -> Tom said he'd phone me on Sunday.

ANN: I promise I won't be late. -> Ann promised that she wouldn't be late.

Liz: Damn! The car won't start. -> Liz was angry because the car wouldn't start.

C. I wish ... would...

Study this example situation:

It is raining. Jill wants to go out, but not in the rain. She says:

I wish it would stop raining.

This means that Jill is complaining about the rain and wants it to stop.

We use I wish ... would... when we want something to happen or when we want somebody to do something. The speaker is not happy with the present situation.

* The phone has been ringing for five minutes. I wish somebody would answer it.

* I wish you would do something instead of just sitting and doing nothing.

You can use I wish ... wouldn't ... to complain about things people do repeatedly:

* I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me.

We use I wish ... would ... for actions and changes, not situations. Compare:

* I wish Sarah would come. (= I want her to come)

but * I wish Sarah were (or was) here now. (not 'I wish Sarah would be...')

* I wish somebody would buy me a car.

but * I wish I had a car. (not 'I wish I would have...')

For 'I wish ... were/had (etc.)' see Units 38B and 39C.

D. You can also use would when you talk about things that happened regularly in the past:

* When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we would all get up early and go for a swim. (= we did this regularly)

* Whenever Arthur was angry, he would walk out of the room.

With this meaning, would is similar to used to (see Unit 18):

* Whenever Arthur was angry, he used to walk out of the room.

EXERCISES

40.1 Complete the sentences using would + one of the following verbs in the correct form:

be do enjoy enjoy phone stop

1. They helped me a lot. I don't know what I would have done without their help.

2. You should go and see the film. You --- it.

3. It's a pity you couldn't come to the party last night. You --- it.

4. I --- you last night but I didn't have your number.

5. Why don't you go and see Clare? She --- very pleased to see you.

6. I was in a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I --- to talk.

40.2 Write sentences using promised.

1. I wonder why she's late. She promised she wouldn't be late.

2. I wonder why Tom hasn't written to me. He promised ---

3. I'm surprised they didn't wait for us. They ---

4. Why did you tell Jill what I said? You ---

40.3 What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with I wish ... Would ...

1. It's raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain.

You say: I wish it would stop raining.

2. You're waiting for John. He's late and you're getting impatient.

You say (to yourself): I wish ---

3. You can hear a baby crying and you're trying to study.

You say: ---

4. You're looking for a job - so far without success. Nobody will give you a job.

You say: I wish somebody ---

5. Brian has been wearing the same clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes.

You say (to Brian): ---

For the following situations, write sentences with I wish ... wouldn't ....

6. Your friend drives very fast. You don't like this.

You say (to your friend): I wish you ---

7. Jack always leaves the door open. This annoys you.

You say (to Jack): ---

8. A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don't like this.

You say: I wish people ---

40.4 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.

1. I wish Sarah would be here now.

2. I wish you would listen to me.

3. I wish I would have more money.

4. I wish it wouldn't be so cold today.

5. I wish the weather would change.

6. I wish you wouldn't complain all the time.

7. I wish everything wouldn't be so expensive.

40.5 These sentences are about things that often happened in the past. Complete the sentences using

would + one of these verbs: forget shake share walk

1. Whenever Arthur was angry, he would walk out of the room.

2. I used to live next to a railway line. Whenever a train went past, the house ---

3. You could never rely on George. It didn't matter how many times you reminded him to do something, he --- always ---

4. Brenda was always very generous. She didn't have much but she --- what she had with everyone else.

UNIT 41. passive (1) (is done/was done)

A. Study this example:

This house was built in 1930.

'Was built' is passive. Compare active and passive:

Somebody built this house (object) in 1930. (active)

This house (subject) was built in 1930. (passive)

We use an active verb to say what the subject does:

* My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1930.

* It's a big company. It employs two hundred people.

We use a passive verb to say what happens to the subject:

* This house is quite old. It was built in 1930.

* Two hundred people are employed by the company.

B. When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant:

* A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (somebody stole it but we don't know who)

* Is this room cleaned every day? (does somebody clean it?--it's not important who)

If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by...

* This house was built by my grandfather.

* Two hundred people are employed by the company.

C. The passive is be (is/was/have been etc.) + the past participle (done/cleaned/seen etc.):

(be) done (be) cleaned (be) seen (be) damaged (be) built etc.

For irregular past participles (done/known/seen etc.), see Appendix 1.

Study the active and passive forms of the present simple and past simple:

Present simple

active: clean(s)/see(s) etc.

Somebody cleans this every day.

passive: am/is/are cleaned/seen etc.

This room is cleaned every day.

* Many accidents are caused by careless driving.

* I'm not often invited to parties.

* How is this word pronounced?

Present simple

active: cleaned/saw etc.

Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.

passive: was/were cleaned/seen etc.

This room was cleaned yesterday.

* We were woken up by a loud noise during the night.

* 'Did you go to the party?' 'No, I wasn't invited.'

* How much money was stolen?

EXERCISES

41.1 Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form:

cause damage hold include invite make overtake show translate write

1. Many accidents _are caused_ by dangerous driving.

2. Cheese --- from milk.

3. The roof of the building --- in a storm a few days ago.

4. There's no need to leave a tip. Service --- in the bill.

5. You --- to the wedding. Why didn't you go?

6. A cinema is a place where films ---

7. In the United States, elections for President --- every four years.

8. Originally the book --- in Spanish and a few years ago it

9. We were driving along quite fast but we --- by lots of other cars.

41.2 Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past.

1. Ask about the telephone. (when/invent?)

_When was the telephone invented?_

2. Ask about glass. (how/make?) How ---

3. Ask about Australia. (when/discover?)

4. Ask about silver. (what/use for?)

5. Ask about television. (when/invent?)

41.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive.

1. It's a big factory. Five hundred people _are employed_ (employ) there.

2. Water --- (cover) most of the Earth's surface.

3. Most of the Earth's surface --- (cover) by water.

4. The park gates --- (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.

5. The letter --- (post) a week ago and it --- (arrive) yesterday.

6. The boat --- (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody --- (rescue).

7. Ron's parents --- (die) when he was very young. He and his sister --- (bring) up by their grandparents.

8. I was born in London but I --- (grow) up in the north of England.

9. While I was on holiday, my camera --- (steal) from my hotel room.

10. While I was on holiday, my camera --- (disappear) from my hotel room.

11. Why --- (Sue/resign) from her job? Didn't she enjoy it?

12. Why --- (Bill/sack) from his job? What did he do wrong?

13. The company is not independent. It --- (own) by a much larger company.

14. I saw an accident last night. Somebody --- (call) an ambulance but nobody --- (injure) so the ambulance --- (not/need).

15. Where --- (these photographs/take)? In London? --- (you/take) them?

41.4 Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using 'somebody/they/people' etc. Write a passive sentence.

1. Somebody cleans the room every day. _The room is cleaned every day._

2. They cancelled all flights because of fog. All ---

3. People don't use this road very often. ---

4. Somebody accused me of stealing money. I ---

5. How do people learn languages? How ---

6. People advised us not to go out alone. ---

UNIT 42. Passive (2) (be/been/being done)

Study the following active and passive forms:

A. Infinitive

active: (to) do/clean/see etc. Somebody will clean the room later.

passive: (to) be done/cleaned/seen etc. The room will be clean later.

* The situation is serious. Something must be done before it's too late.

* A mystery is something that can't be explained.

* The music was very loud and could be heard from a long way away.

* A new supermarket is going to be built next year.

* Please go away. I want to be left alone.

B. Perfect infinitive

active: have done/cleaned/seen etc. Somebody should have cleaned the room.

passive: have been done/cleaned/seen etc. The room should have been cleaned.

* I haven't received the letter yet. It might have been sent to the wrong address.

* If you hadn't left the car unlocked, it wouldn't have been stolen.

* There were some problems at first but they seem to have been solved.

C. Present perfect

active: have/has (done) The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it.

passive: have/has been (done) The room looks nice. It has been clean.

* Have you heard the news? The President has been shot!