Файл: English Grammar in Use_Raymond Murphy_2nd ed.doc

Jane has been doing the same job for a very long time. Every day she does exactly the same thing again and again. She doesn't enjoy it any more and would like to do something different.

Jane's Job is boring.

Jane is bored (with her job).

Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else ) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored. So:

* Jane is bored because her job is boring.

* Jane's job is boring, so Jane is bored. (not 'Jane is boring')

If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored:

* George always talks about the same things. He's really boring.

B. Compare adjectives ending in ~ing and ~ed:

You can say:

* My job boring.

* My job interesting.

* My job is tiring.

* My job satisfying.

* My job depressing. (etc.)

The ~ing adjective tells you about the job.

You can say:

* I'm bored with my job.

* I'm not interested in my job any more.

* I'm always tired when I finish work.

* I'm not satisfied with my job.

* My job makes me depressed. (etc.)

The ~ed adjective tells you how somebody feels (about the job).

Compare these examples:

interesting

* Julia thinks politics is very interesting.

* Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?

surprising

* It was quite surprising that he passed the examination. disappointing

* The film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better.

shocking

* The news was shocking.

interested

* Julia is very interested in politics. (not 'interesting in politics')

* Are you interested in buying a car? I'm trying to sell mine.

surprised

* Everybody was surprised that he passed the examination.

disappointed

* I was disappointed with the film. I expected it to be much better.

shocked

* We were very shocked when we heard the news.

EXERCISES

97.1 Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word given + the ending ~ing or ~ed.

1. The film wasn't as good as we had expected. (disappoint-)

a. The film was _disappointing._

b. We were _disappointed_ with the film.

2. Diana teaches young children. It's a very hard job but she enjoys it. (exhaust-)

a. She enjoys her job but it's often ---.

b. At the end of a day's work, she is often ---.

3. It's been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-)

a. This weather is ---.

b. This weather makes me ---.

c. It's silly to get --- because of the weather.

4. Clare is going to the United States next month. She has never been there before. (excit-)

a. It will be an --- experience for her.

b. Going to new places is always ---.

c. She is really --- about going to the United States.

97.2 Choose the correct word.

1. I was _disappointing/disappointed_ with the film. I had expected it to be better.

2. Are you _interesting/interested_ in football?

3. The football match was quite _exciting/excited_ I enjoyed it.

4. It's sometimes _embarrassing/embarrassed_ when you have to ask people for money.

5. Do you easily get _embarrassing/embarrassed?_

6. I had never expected to get the job. I was really _amazing/amazed_ when I was offered it.

7. She has really learnt very fast. She has made _astonishing/astonished_ progress.

8. 1 didn't find the situation funny. I was not _amusing/amused._

9. It was a really _terrifying/terrified_ experience. Afterwards everybody was very _shocking/shocked._

10 Why do you always look so _boring/bored?_ Is your life really so _boring/bored?_

11. He's one of the most _boring/bored_ people I've ever met. He never stops talking and he never says anything _interesting/interested._

97.3 Complete the sentences using one of the words in the box.

amusing/amused confusing/confused exhausting/exhausted annoying/annoyed disgusting/disgusted interesting/interested boring/bored exciting/excited surprising/surprised

1. He works very hard. It's not _surprising_ that he's always tired.

2. I've got nothing to do. I'm ---.

3. The teacher's explanation was ---. Most of the students didn't understand it.

4. The kitchen hadn't been cleaned for ages. It was really ---.

5. I seldom visit art galleries. I'm not particularly --- in art.

6. There's no need to get --- just because I'm a few minutes late.

7. The lecture was ---. I fell asleep.

8. I asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasn't ---.

9. I've been working very hard all day and now I'm ---.

10. I'm starting a new job next week. I'm quite --- about it.

11. Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very ---.

12. Liz is a very --- person. She knows a lot, she's travelled a lot and she's done lots of different things.

UNIT 98 Adjectives: word order (a nice new house), Adjectives after verbs (You look tired)

A. Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together:

* My brother lives in a nice new house.

* In the kitchen there was 'a beautiful large round wooden table.

Adjectives like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They give us factual information about age, size, colour etc.

Adjectives like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what somebody thinks of something or somebody.

Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.

a nice(opinion) long(fact) summer holiday

an interesting(opinion) young(fact) man

an delicious(opinion) hot(fact) vegetable soup

a beautiful(opinion) large round wooden(fact) table

B. Sometimes we use two or more fact adjectives. Very often (but not always) we put fact adjectives in this order:

1. how big? -> 2. how old? -> 3. what color? -> 4. where from? -> 5. what is it made of? -> NOUN

a tall young man (1 -> 2)

a large wooden table (1 -> 5)

big blue eyes (1 -> 3)

an old Russian song (2 -> 4)

a small black plastic bag (1 -> 3 -> 5)

an old white cotton shirt (2 -> 3 -> 5)

Adjectives of size and length (big/small/tall/short/long etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape and width (round/fat/thin/slim/wide etc.): a large round table a tall thin girl a long narrow street

When there are two colour adjectives, we use and:

a black and white dress

a red, white and green flag

but a long black dress (not 'a long and black dress')

C. We say 'the first two days', 'the next few weeks', 'the last ten minutes' etc.:

* I didn't enjoy the first two days of the course. (not 'the two first days')

* They'll be away for the next few weeks. (not 'the few next weeks')

D. We use adjectives after be/get/become/seem:

* Be careful!

* I'm tired and I'm getting hungry.

* As the film went on, it became more and more boring.

* Your friend seems very nice.

We also use adjectives to say how somebody/something looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells:

* You look tired./I feel tired./She sounds tired.

* The dinner smells good.

* This tea tastes a bit strange.

But to say how somebody does something you must use an adverb (see Units 99-100):

* Drive carefully! (not 'Drive careful')

* Susan plays the piano very well. (not 'plays...very good')

EXERCISES

98.1 Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.

1. a beautiful table (wooden/round) _a beautiful round wooden table_.

2. an unusual ring (gold) ---.

3. a new pullover (nice) ---.

4. a new pullover (green) ---.

5. an old house (beautiful) ---.

6. black gloves (leather) ---.

7. an American film (old) ---.

8. a long face (thin) ---.

9. big clouds (black) ---.

10. a sunny day (lovely) ---.

11. a wide avenue (long) ---.

12. a metal box (black/small) ---.

13. a big cat (fat/black) ---.

14. a little village (old/lovely) ---.

15. long hair (black/beautiful) ---.

16. an old painting (interesting/French) ---.

17. an enormous umbrella (red/yellow) ---.

98.2 Write the following in another way using the first .../the next ..../the last ...

1. the first day and the second day of the course _the first two days of the course_

2. next week and the week after _the next two weeks_

3. yesterday and the day before yesterday ---

4. the first week and the second week of September ---

5. tomorrow and a few days after that ---

6. questions 1, 2 and 3 of the examination ---

7. next year and the year after ---

8. the last day of our holiday and the two days before that ---

98.3 Complete each sentence with a verb (in the correct form) and an adjective from the boxes.

verb: feel smell look seem smell sound taste

adjective: awful fine nice interesting upset wet

1. Ann _seemed upset_ this morning. Do you know what was wrong?

2. I can't eat this. I've just tried it and it ---.

3. I wasn't very well yesterday but I --- today.

4. What beautiful flowers! They --- too.

5. You --- Have you been out in the rain?

6. Jim was telling me about his new job. It --- quite ---, much better than his old job.

98.4 Choose the correct word.

1. This tea tastes a bit _strange._ (strange/strangely)

2. I always feel --- when the sun is shining. (happy/happily)

3. The children were playing --- in the garden. (happy/happily)

4. The man became --- when the manager of the restaurant asked him to leave. (violent/violently)

5. You look --- Are you all right? (terrible/terribly)

6. There s no point in doing a job if you don t do it ---. (proper/properly)

UNIT 99 Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly)

A. Look at these examples:

* Our holiday was too short - the time went very quickly.

* The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.

Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + -1y:

adjective: quick serious careful quiet heavy bad

adverb: quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly

For spelling, see Appendix 6.

Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example:

friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely

B. Adjective or adverb?

#1 Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us about a noun. We use adjectives before nouns and after some verbs, especially be:

* Tom is a careful driver. (not 'a carefully driver')

* We didn't go out because of the heavy rain.

* Please be quiet.

* I was disappointed that my exam results were so bad.

We also use adjectives after the verbs look/feel/sound etc. (see Unit 98D):

* Why do you always look so serious?

#2 Adverbs (quickly/carefully etc.) tell us about a verb. An adverb tells us how somebody does something or how something happens:

* Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. (not 'drove careful')

* We didn't go out because it was raining heavily. (not 'raining heavy')

* Please speak quietly. (not 'speak quiet')

* I was disappointed that I did so badly in the exam. (not 'did so bad')

Why do you never take me seriously?

Compare:

* She speaks perfect English.(adjective + noun)

* She speaks English perfectly.(verb + object + adverb)

Compare these sentences with look:

* Tom looked sad when I saw him. (= he seemed sad, his expression was sad)

* Tom looked at me sadly. (= he looked at me in a sad way)

C. We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs. For example:

reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective)

terribly sorry (adverb + adjective)

incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb)

* It's a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.

* Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to push you. (not 'terrible sorry')

* Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.

* The examination was surprisingly easy.

You can also use an adverb before a past participle (injured/organised/written etc.)

* Two people were seriously injured in the accident. (not 'serious injured')

* The meeting was very badly organised.

EXERCISES

99.1 Complete the sentences with adverbs. The first letter(s) of each adverb are given.

1. We didn't go out because it was raining _heavily._

2. Our team lost the game because we played very ba---.

3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea---.

4. We had to wait for a long time but we didn't complain. We waited pa---.

5. Nobody knew George was coming to see us. He arrived unex---.

6. Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg---.

99.2 Put in the right word.

1. The driver of the car was _seriously_ injured. (serious/seriously)

2. The driver of the car had serious_ injuries. (serious/seriously)

3. I think you behaved very ---. (selfish/selfishly)

4. Rose is --- I upset about losing her job. (terrible/terribly)

5. There was a --- change in the weather. (sudden/suddenly)

6. Everybody at the party was --- dressed. (colourful/colourfully)

7. Linda likes wearing --- clothes. (colourful/colourfully)

8. She fell and hurt herself quite ---.(bad/badly)

9. He says he didn't do well at school because he was --- taught. (bad/badly)

10. Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look ---. (safe/safely)

11. He looked at me --- when I interrupted him. (angry/angrily)

99.3 Complete each sentence using a word from the list. Sometimes you need the adjective (careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).

careful(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) financial(ly) fluent(ly) happy/happily nervous(ly) perfect(ly) quick(ly) special(1y)

1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very _quickly._

2. Tom doesn't take risks when he's driving. He's always ---.

3. Sue works --- She never seems to stop.

4. Alice and Stan are very --- married.

5. Monica's English is very --- although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.

6. I cooked this meal --- for you, so I hope you like it.

7. Everything was very quiet. There was --- silence.

8. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me ---.

9. Do you usually feel --- before examinations?

10. I'd like to buy a car but it's --- impossible for me at the moment.

99.4 Choose two words (one from each box) to complete each sentence.

absolutely reasonably unusually badly seriously unnecessarily completely slightly

cheap enormous planned badly changed ill quiet damaged long

1. I thought the restaurant would be expensive but it was _reasonably cheap._

2. George's mother is --- in hospital.

3. What a big house! It's ---.

4. It wasn't a serious accident. The car was only ---.

5. The children are normally very lively but they're --- today.

6, When I returned home after 20 years, everything had ---.

7. The film was --- It could have been much shorter.

8. A lot went wrong during our holiday because it was ---.

UNIT 100 Adjectives and adverbs (2) (well/fast/late, hard/hardly)

A. Good/well

Good is an adjective. The adverb is well:

* Your English is good. but You speak English well.

* Susan is a good pianist. but Susan plays the piano well.

We use well (not 'good') with past participles (dressed/known etc.):

well-dressed well-known well-educated well-paid

But well is also an adjective with the meaning 'in good health':

* 'How are you today?', 'I'm very well, thanks.' (not 'I'm very good')

B. Fast/hard/late

These words are both adjectives and adverbs:

adjective:

* Jack is a very fast runner.

* Ann is a hard worker.

* The train was late.

adverb:

* Jack can run very fast.

* Ann works hard. (not 'works hardly')

* I got up late this morning.

Lately = 'recently'

* Have you seen Tom lately?

C. Hardly

Hardly = very little, almost not. Study these examples:

* Sarah was rather unfriendly to me at the party. She hardly spoke to me. (= she spoke to me very little, almost not at all)

* George and Hilda want to get married but they've only known each other for a few

days. I don't think they should get married yet. They hardly know each other. (= they know each other very little)

Hard and hardly are completely different. Compare:

* He tried hard to find a job but he had no luck. (= he tried a lot, with a lot of effort)

* I'm not surprised he didn't find a job. He hardly tried to find one. (= he tried very little)

We often use hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere:

* A: How much money have you got?

B: Hardly any. (= very little, almost none)

* I'll have to go shopping. We've got hardly any food.

* The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed. (= very few students passed, almost nobody passed)

* She ate hardly anything. She wasn't feeling hungry. (= she ate very little, almost nothing) Note the position of hardly. You can say:

* She ate hardly anything. or She hardly ate anything.

* We've got hardly any food. or We've hardly got any food. We often use can/could + hardly. I can hardly do something = it's almost impossible for me to do it:

* Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it. (= it is almost impossible for me to read it)

* My leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk. Hardly ever = almost never

* I'm nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.

EXERCISES

100.1 Put in good or well.

1. I play tennis but I'm not very _good._

2. Your exam results were very ---.

3. You did very --- in your exams.

4. The weather was very --- while we-were on holiday.

5. 1 didn't sleep very --- last night.

6. How are you? Are you ---?

7. George speaks German very ---.

8. George's German is very ---.

9. Our new business is going very --- at the moment.

10. I like your jacket. It looks --- on you.

11. I've met her a few times but I don't know her very ---.

100.2 Complete these sentences using well + one of the following words: balanced behaved done dressed informed kept known paid

1. The children were very good. They were _well-behaved._

2. I'm surprised you haven't heard of her. She is quite ---.

3. Our neighbours' garden is neat and tidy. It is very ---.

4. You should eat different types of food. Your diet should be ---.

5. Ann knows a lot about many things. She is quite ---.

6. His clothes are always smart. He is always ---.

7. Jill has a lot of responsibility in her job but she isn't very ---.

8. Congratulations on passing your examinations ---!

100.3 Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.

1. I'm tired because I've been working _hard._ _RIGHT_

2. I tried _hard_ to remember her name but I couldn't.

3. This coat is practically unused. I've _hardly_ worn it.

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