Файл: Кажекина.doc

to cut ... down [informal – always separated]	to spend less
to cut ... off	to do or say smth to make people feel less important or less powerful
to cut back	to remove completely part of smth with a knife, saw, or pair of scissors
to cut ... down	when you stop the supply or flow of smth, such as water, electricity, or money
to cut ... off	you use a saw or an axe to cut a tree and make it fall to the ground

To keep

Bill kept his word and arrived exactly at the time he had promised.

You must go to the gym twice a week to keep fit.

The main thing to remember, if the man starts any trouble, is to keep temper.

He kept on telling me the same story over and over.

to keep on	uphold one’s promise
to keep one word	remain calm
to keep one’s temper	remain in good health
to keep fit	continue to do something

V. Translate form Russian into English.

У меня была противоположная точка зрения, но ты смог меня переубедить (to make smb change smb's mind); я ценю (to appreciate) достоинство в людях; Том, выключи плиту и включи микроволновку; воры вынули магнитолу (cassette radio); Вы часто пользуетесь ножом, когда едите второе блюдо (main course)?; извините, но я не могу не противостоять Вашей точке зрения; власти должны дать разрешение на снос этого дома; в 2007 году в Эстонии были осквернены многие памятники; Вы должны бережно обращаться с этим устройством (device); в будущем лекарства (remedy) помогут людям вернуться к жизни после смерти; Том рассек себе бровь, когда дрался с соседскими мальчишками; присяжные (the jury) обязаны принимать справедливые решения; Ты поддержишь мой план на собрании?; чтобы приготовить шашлык (shashlik), порежьте на куски мясо и положите в уксус.

VI. Three doctors from different countries discuss using the organs of dead people. Listen to (read) the story and find out: Who is in favor of this? Who is opposed?

SHOULD THE DEAD HELP THE LIVING?

Dr.Jones: In my opinion, the dead must help the living. There is no question about it. When people die, they no longer have any use for their organs. If we don’t use their healthy hearts or lungs, we miss the chance to save the lives of other people who need healthy organs.

In fact, it is so important to do this that I believe we must so it all of the time. Every time there is a death, we should use all the organs we can, even if the person did not give permission before death.

Dr.Tesfaye: I understand your position, Dr.Jones. But in my country, we have the opposite point of view. We believe that it is wrong to cut up a dead body, take out the heart and then put it into someone else’s body.

Taking out parts of a dead person’s body is a terrible thing to do. When you do that, you violate that person’s body. When I die, I want my body to be treated with dignity and respect, and not cut open so that my organs can be put into other people.

Dr.Houte: As you two show, using organs from the dead to help the living is a difficult question. There are good reasons both to do it and not to do it. In my country, we believe that it is all right to use organs from the dead but only under two conditions. First, the dead person must have given permission in writing, before he or she dies. Second, the person has to be dead. Sometimes this is clear. But many times it is not. We all have heard stories of near-death experiences – when we think someone is dead, but he or she comes back to life.

And what about the so called “brain-dead”? There are many people who are kept alive by machines – machines that breathe for them. But their brains are dead. What should we do with them? Turn off the machines and let them die so that we can use their healthy organs? I wonder if that isn’t just the same as killing them. So we must be very careful before making any decisions.

VII. Listen to (read) the text and say whether the statements are true or false.

In Dr. Jones opinion it is wrong to save the lives of sick people with healthy organs of the dead.
Dr. Jones says we should use the organs we can even if the person didn’t give permission before death.
Dr. Tesfaye has the same point of view.
Dr. Tesfaye believes that the body should be treated with honour.
Dr. Houte insists on using organs under three conditions.
Dr. Houte is sure that organs can be taken from so-called “brain-dead” people.

VIII. Listen to (read) the text and answer the questions.

Why is Dr. Jones for transplantation of dead people organs?
Is it necessary to give permission before death?
What are conditions in Dr. Tesfaye’s country in relation to transplantation?
What are the customs Dr. Houte insists on?
What does he think of “brain-dead” people?

What do you think?

Which opinion do you agree with? Check as many as you want.

Well, organ donation is OK, but we have to be sure the person is dead! We have to make this clear before we can talk about donating organs.
If people want to donate organs after they die, it’s wonderful. But they should give permission before they die.
I like the idea that the dead should help the living. I don’t mind giving my organs if that helps people.
Maybe it’s OK to donate some organs, but not organs like the heart or the brain!
I don’t like the idea of cutting up my body after I die. I’m sorry, but I can’t help you!

Many deadly ill people want to kill themselves. Can you think of reasons for and against this decision?

People can kill themselves	People can’t kill themselves
because ...	because ...

Looking at the issue.

What would you do to help someone stay alive?

Would you …

give blood?

give a kidney to a dying family member?

give your body to science after you die?

allow your doctor to transplant your organs after you die?

Why or why not?

Read the proverbs. Do you agree with them? Compose your own stories using these proverbs.

Health is better than wealth.

Health is not valued till sickness comes.

Forming ecological thinking

I. Read and memorize the following words.

acid n.	'æsıd	кислота
acre n.	'eıkә	акр = 0,405 гектара
alarming a.	ə`la:miŋ	тревожный, пугающий
average a.	'ævәrıdʒ	средний
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)	'kl:rә'fluәrә'kα:bәnz	хлорфторуглероды
consequence n.	'knsıkwәns	последствие
contamination n.	kәn'tæmıneı∫n	загрязнение, заражение
crucial a. crucial turning point	'kru:∫jәl	критический, решающий переломный момент, критическое положение
depletion n.	dı'pli:∫n	истощение
diversity n.	daı'və:sıtı	разнообразие
flood v.	flΛd	затоплять
foam insulation	'fәum ınsju'leı∫n	пенная изоляция
impact n.	'impækt	влияние, воздействие
mist n.		изморозь, туман
molecule n.	'mlıkju:l	молекула
nitrogen n.	'naıtrıdʒәn	азот
ozone layer	'әuzәun 'leıә	озоновый слой
plankton n.	'plæŋktәn	планктон
pollute v.	pә'lu:t	загрязнять
react v.	ri:'ækt	вступать в реакцию
recycle v.	rı'saıkl	перерабатывать
release v.	rı'li:s	выбрасывать, освобождать
sensitive equilibrium	`sensitiv i:kwı'lıbrıәm	хрупкое равновесие
species n.	'spi:∫ız	вид (виды)
substance n.	'sΛbstәns	вещество
sulphur oxide	'sΛlfә 'ksaıd	окись серы
thrive (throve, thriven) v.	θraıv	процветать
tract n.		участок, пространство (земли)
ultraviolet (UV) rays	'Λltrә'vaıәlıt	ультрафиолетовые лучи
undermine v.	Λndә`main	подрывать
vanish v.	`væni∫	исчезать

II. Read the following international words and word combinations and try to guess their meaning.

Form (n), vital problem, nature (n), natural gas, interaction (n), human race, protect (v), protection (n), effect (n), ozone, molecule [mlikju:l], energy resources [ris:siz], polar [pəulə] (a), result (n), global (a), catastrophe [kətæstrəfi] (n), ultra-violet (UV) [ltrəvaiəlit] rays, industrial product, industrialisatioin [in¸dstriələizeiən] (n), air conditioner, chemicals [kemikəlz] (n), attack (v), risk (n), eye cataract [kætərækt], immune system, plankton (n), atmosphere [ætməsfiə] (n), metal (n), tropical (a), climatic (a), ecosystem (n), acre [eikə] (n), unique [ju:ni:k] (a), balance (n).

III. Train reading the names of the chemical elements.

Acid [æsid] – 1) (n) кислота; 2) (a) кислотный, кислый; carbon [ka:bən]–(n) углерод; chlorofluorocarbons [kl:rəfluərəka:bənz] – хлорфторуглероды; nitrogen [naitrədʒ(ə)n] (n) – азот; oxide [ksaid] (n) – окись, окисел; oxygen [ksidʒ(ə)n] (n) – кислород; sulphur [slfə] (n) – сера.

IV. Read and translate the following words of the same root. Determine the part of speech they belong to. Memorize them.

Protect, protector, protection, protective;
destroy, destroyer, destruction, destructive;
contribute, contributor, contribution, contributory;
predict, predictor, prediction, predictive, predicted;
reduce, reduction, reducible, reduced;
pollute, pollution, pollutant; environ, environment, environmental, environmentally;
forest, deforest, deforestation.