Файл: English Grammar in Use_Raymond Murphy_2nd ed.doc

* You should insure your bicycle in case it is stolen.

#2 if

* We'll buy some more food if Tom comes.

(= Perhaps Tom will come; if he comes, we'll buy some more food; if he doesn't come, we won't buy any more food.)

* You can phone me at the hotel if you need to contact me.

* You should inform the police if your bicycle is stolen.

C. You can use in case (+ past) to say why somebody did something:

* We bought some more food in case Tom came. (= because it was possible that Tom would come)

* I drew a map for Sarah in case she couldn't find the house.

* We rang the bell again in case they hadn't heard it the first time.

D. 'In case of.' is not the same as 'in case'. In case of... = 'if there is...' (especially in notices etc.):

* In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. (= if there is a fire)

* In case of emergency, telephone this number. (= if there is an emergency)

EXERCISES

113.1 Barbara is going for a long walk in the country. She is going to take these things with her:

some chocolate a map an umbrella her camera some water a towel

She has decided to take these things because:

perhaps she'll want to have a swim

it's possible she'll get lost

she might get hungry

she might want to take some photographs

perhaps she'll get thirsty

perhaps it will rain

Write sentences with in case saying why Barbara has decided to take these things with her.

1. _She's going to take some chocolate in case she gets hungry._

2. She's going to take a map in case ---.

3. She's going to ---.

4. ---.

5. ---.

6 ---.

113.2 What do you say in these situations? Use in case.

1. It's possible that Mary will need to contact you, so you give her your phone number.

You say: Here's my phone number ---.

2. A friend of yours is going away for a long time. Maybe you won't see her again before she goes, so you decide to say goodbye now.

You say: I'll say ---.

3. You are shopping in a supermarket with a friend. You think you have everything you need but perhaps you've forgotten something. Your friend has the list. You ask him to check it.

You say: Can you ---.

113.3 Write sentences with in case.

1. There was a possibility that Ann would phone. So I didn't go out.

_I didn't go out in case Ann phoned._

2. John thought that he might forget the name of the book. So he wrote it down.

He wrote down ---.

3. 1 thought my parents might be worried about me. So I phoned them.

I phoned ---.

4. 1 wrote a letter to Jane but I didn't receive a reply. So I wrote to her again because I thought that perhaps she hadn't received my first letter.

I ---.

5. I met some people when I was on holiday in France. They said they might come to London one day. I live in London, so I gave them my address.

I ---.

113.4 Put in case or if.

1. Ann might phone this evening. I don't want to go out _in case_ she phones.

2. You should tell the police _if_ your bicycle is stolen.

3. 1 hope you'll come to London sometime. --- you come, you can stay with us,

4. This letter is for Susan. Can you give it to her -- you see her?

5. Write your name and address on your bag --- you lose it.

6. Go to the lost property office --- you lose your bag.

7. The burglar alarm will ring --- somebody tries to break into the house.

8. I've just painted the door. I'll put a WET PAINT notice next to it --- somebody doesn't realize it's just been painted.

9. I was advised to arrange insurance --- I needed medical treatment while I was abroad.

UNIT 114 Unless As long as and provided/providing

A. Unless

Study this example situation:

The club is for members only.

You can't go in unless you are a member.

This means:

'You can't go In except if you are a member.' or 'You can go in only if you are a member.'

Unless ='except if'

Some more examples of unless:

* I'll see you tomorrow unless I have to work late. (= except if I have to work late)

* Don't tell Sue what I said unless she asks you. (= except if she asks you)

* 'Shall I tell Sue what you said?' 'Not unless she asks you.' (= only if she asks you)

* I don't like fish. I wouldn't eat it unless I was extremely hungry. (= except if I was extremely hungry)

We often use unless in warnings:

* We'll be late unless we hurry. (= except if we hurry)

* Unless you work much harder, you won't pass the exam.

* I was told I wouldn't pass the exam unless I worked harder.

Instead of unless it is often possible to say if ... not:

* Don't tell Sue what I said if she doesn't ask you.

* We'll be late if we don't hurry.

B. As long as etc.

as long as or so long as All these expressions mean 'if' or 'on condition that'.

provided (that) or providing (that) All these expressions mean 'if' or 'on condition that'.

For example:

* You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.

* You can use my car so long as you drive carefully.

(= you can use my car but you must drive carefully--this is a condition)

* Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park.

* Travelling by car is convenient providing (that) you have somewhere to park.

(= but only if you have somewhere to park)

* Providing (that) she studies hard, she'll pass her exams.

* Provided (that) she studies hard, she'll pass her exams.

(= she must study hard - if she does this, she will pass)

C. When you are talking about the future, dr, not use will after unless/as long as/provided providing. Use a present tense (see also Unit 25):

* We'll be late unless we hurry. (not 'unless we will hurry')

* Providing she studies hard, she will pass the exam. (not 'providing she will study')

EXERCISES

114.1 Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.

1. You must work much harder or you won't pass the exam.

_You won't pass, the exam unless you work much harder._

2. Listen carefully or you won't know what to do.

You won't know what to do ---.

3. She must apologize to me or I'll never speak to her again.

I'll ---.

4. You have to speak very slowly or he won't be able to understand you.

5. The company must offer me more money or I'm going to look for another job.

114.2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.

1. You are allowed into the club only if you're a member.

_You aren't allowed into the club unless you're a member._

2. I'm going to the party only if you go too.

I'm not going ---.

3. The dog will attack you only if you move suddenly.

4. He'll speak to you only if you ask him a question.

5. The doctor will see you today only if it's an emergency.

114.3 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.

1. You can use my car _unless/as long as_ you drive carefully. (as long as is correct)

2. I'm playing tennis tomorrow _unless/providing_ it's raining.

3. I'm playing tennis tomorrow _unless/providing_ it's not raining.

4. I don't mind if you come in late _unless/as long as_ you come in quietly.

5. I'm going now _unless/provided_ you want me to stay.

6. I don't watch television _unless/as long as_ I've got nothing else to do.

7. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool _unless/provided_ they are with an adult.

8. _Unless/provided_ they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool.

9. We can sit here in the corner _unless/as long as_ you'd rather sit over there by the window.

10. A: Our holiday cost a lot of money.

B: Did it? Well, that doesn't matter _unless/as long as_ you enjoyed yourselves.

114.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1. We'll be late unless _we hurry._

2. I like hot weather unless ---.

3. I like hot weather provided ---.

4. Kate reads a newspaper every day as long as ---.

5. I don't mind walking home as long as ---.

6. I like to walk to work in the morning unless ---.

7. We can meet tomorrow unless ---.

8. You can borrow the money providing ---.

9. You won't achieve anything unless ---.

UNIT 115 As (reason and time)

A. As (reason)

As sometimes means 'because':

* As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut. (= because it was a public holiday)

* As they live near us, we see them quite often.

* We watched television all evening as we had nothing better to do. d We also use as to say that two things happened at the same time. See Section B.

B. As (time)

You can use as when two things happen at the same time:

* I watched her as she opened the letter. ('I watched' and 'she opened' at the same time)

* As they walked along the street, they looked in the shop windows.

* Can you turn off the light as you go out, please? (= on your way out of the room)

Or you can say that something happened as you were doing something else (= in the middle of doing something else):

* Jill slipped as she was getting off the bus.

* The thief was seen as he was climbing over the wall.

Most often we use as when two short actions happen at the same time:

* George arrived as Sue left. (= he arrived and Sue left at the same time)

* We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove away in her car.

But we also use as when two things happen together over a longer period of time:

* As the day went on, the weather got worse.

* I began to enjoy the job more as I got used to it.

You can also use just as (= exactly at that moment):

* Just as I sat down, the phone rang.

* Just as we were going out, it started to rain.

* I had to leave just as the conversation was getting interesting.

For the past continuous (was getting/were going etc.) see Unit 6.

C. As, when and while

We use as only if two things happen at the same time. We use when (not 'as') if one thing happens after another. Compare when and as:

* When I got home, I had a bath. (not 'as I got home')

* As I walked into the room, the phone started ringing. (= at the same time)

We use as (time) for actions and happenings. As + a situation (not an action) usually means 'because' (see Section A):

* As we were asleep, we didn't hear the doorbell. (=because we were asleep)

* As they live near me, I see them quite often. (=because they live near me)

You cannot use as for time in sentences like this. You have to use while or when:

* The doorbell rang while we were asleep. (not 'as we were asleep')

* Angela got married when she was 23. (not 'as she was 23')

EXERCISES

115.1 What does as mean in these sentences? (because), (at the same time as)

1. As they live near us, we see them quite often. (because)

2. Jill slipped as she was getting off the bus. (at the same time as)

3. As I was tired, I went to bed early.

4. Unfortunately, as I was parking the car, I hit the car behind.

5, As we climbed the hill, we got more and more tired.

6. We decided to go out to cat as we had no food at home.

7. As we don't use the car very often, we've decided to sell it.

115.2 (Section A) join a sentence from List A with one from List B. Begin each sentence with As.

A: 1. yesterday was a public holiday

2. it was a nice day

3. we didn't want to wake anybody up

4. the door was open

5. none of us had a watch

B: 1. I walked in

2. we came in very quietly

3. all the shops were shut

4. we didn't know what time it was

5. we went for a walk by the sea

1. _As yesterday was a public holiday, all the shops were shut._

2. ---.

3. ---.

4. ---.

5. ---.

115.3 (Section B) Use as to join a sentence from List A with one from List B.

A: 1. we all waved goodbye to Liz

2. we all smiled

3. I burnt myself

4. the crowd cheered

5. a dog ran out in front of the car

B: 1. we were driving along the road

2. I was taking a hot dish out of the oven

3. she drove away in her ear

4. we posed for the photograph

5. the two teams ran onto the field

1. _We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove a in her car._

2.---.

3. ---.

4. ---.

5. ---.

115.4 Put in as or when. Sometimes you can use either as or when.

1. Angela got married _when_ she was 23.

2. My camera was stolen --- I was on holiday.

3. He dropped the glass --- he was taking it out of the cupboard.

4. --- I left school, I went to work in a shop.

5. The train slowed down --- it approached the station.

6. I used to live near the sea --- I was a child.

115.5 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1. I saw you as ---.

2. It began to rain just as ---.

3. As I didn't have enough money for a taxi, ---.

4. Just as I took the photograph, ---.

UNIT 116 Like and as

A. Like = 'similar to', 'the same as'. Note that you cannot use as in this way:

* What a beautiful house! It's like a palace. (not 'as a palace')

* 'What does Sandra do?' 'She's a teacher, like me.' (not 'as me')

* Be careful! The floor has been polished. It's like walking on ice. (not 'as walking')

* It's raining again. I hate weather like this. (not 'as this')

In these sentences, like is a preposition. So it is followed by a noun (like a palace), a pronoun (like me/like this) or ~ing (like walking).

You can also say 'like (somebody/something) doing something':

* 'What's that noise?' 'It sounds like a baby crying.'

B. Sometimes like = 'for example':

* Some sports, like motor racing, can be dangerous.

You can also use such as (= for example):

* Some sports, such as motor racing, can be dangerous.

C. We use as (not 'like') before a subject + verb:

* I didn't move anything. I left everything as I found it.

* They did as they promised. (= They did what they promised.)

Compare like and as in these sentences:

* You should have done it like this. (like + pronoun)

* You should have done it as I showed you. (as + subject + verb)

We also say as you know/as I said/as she expected/as I thought etc.:

* As you know, it's Tom's birthday next week. (= you know this already)

* Jane failed her driving test, as she expected. she expected this before)

Note that we say as usual/as always:

* You're late as usual.

D. As can also be a preposition but the meaning is different from like. Compare:

#1 as

* Brenda Casey is the manager of a company. As the manager, she has to make many important decisions. ('As the manager' = in her position as the manager)

* During the war this hotel was used as a hospital. (so it really was a hospital)

like

* Mary Stone is the assistant manager. Like the manager (Brenda Casey), she also has to make important decisions. ('Like the manager' = similar to the manager)

* Everyone is ill at home. Our house is like a hospital. (it isn't really a hospital)

As (preposition) = 'in the position of', 'in the form of' etc.:

* A few years ago I worked as a bus driver. (not 'like a bus driver')

* We've got a garage but we haven't got a car, so we use the garage as a workshop.

* Many English words (for example, 'work' and 'rain') can be used as verbs or nouns.

* London is all right as a place to visit, but I wouldn't like to live there.

* The news of her death came as a great shock.

We say regard ... as:

* I regard her as my best friend.

EXERCISES

116.1 (Sections A, B and Q Put in like or as.

1. It's raining again. I hate weather _like_ this.

2. Jane failed her driving test _as_ she expected.

3. Do you think Carol looks --- her mother?

4. He really gets on my nerves. I can't stand people --- him.

5. Why didn't you do it --- I told you to do it?

6. 'What does Bill do?' 'He's a student --- most of his friends.'

7. Why do you never listen? Talking to you is --- talking to the wall.

8. --- I said yesterday, I'm thinking of changing my job.

9. Tom's idea seemed a good one, so we did --- he suggested.

10. It's a difficult problem. I never know what to do in situations --- this.

11. I'll phone you tomorrow --- usual, OK?

12. This tea is awful. It tastes --- water.

13. Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was --- a bomb exploding.

14. She's a very good swimmer. She swims --- a fish.

15. I'm afraid I can't meet you on Sunday --- we arranged.

16. We met Keith last night. He was very cheerful --- always.

116.2 (Sections A and D) Complete the sentences using like or as + one of the following:

a beginner blocks of ice a palace a birthday present a problem a child a church winter a tourist guide

1. This house is beautiful. It's _like a palace._

2. Margaret once had a part-time job ---.

3. My feet are really cold. They're ---.

4. I've been learning Spanish for a few years but I still speak ---.

5. 1 wonder what that building with the tower is. It looks ---.

6. My brother gave me this watch --- a long time ago.

7. It's true that we disagree about some things but I don't regard this ---.

8. It's very cold for the middle of summer. It's ---.

9. He's 22 years old but he sometimes behaves ---.

116.3 (All sections) Put in like or as.

1. Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak --- you.

2. Don't take my advice if you don't want to. You can do --- you like.

3. You waste too much time doing things --- sitting in cafes all day.

4. 1 wish I had a car --- yours.

5. There's no need to change your clothes. You can go out --- you are.

6. My neighbour's house is full of interesting things. It's --- a museum.

7. 1 think I preferred this room --- it was, before we decorated it.

8. When we asked Sue to help us, she agreed immediately --- I knew she would.

9. Sharon has been working --- a waitress for the last two months.

10. While we were on holiday, we, spent most of our time doing energetic things --- sailing, water skiing and swimming.

11. You're different from the other people I know. I don't know anyone --- you.

12. We don't need all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them --- a study.

13. --- her father, Catherine has a very good voice.

14. The news that Sue and Jim were getting married came --- a complete surprise to me.

15. At the moment I've got a temporary job in a bookshop. It's OK --- a temporary job but I wouldn't like to do it permanently.

UNIT 117 As if

A. You can use as if to say how somebody or something looks/sounds/feels etc.:

* That house looks as if it's going to fall down.

* Ann sounded as if she had a cold, didn't she?

* I've just come back from holiday but I feel tired and depressed. I don't feel as if I've just had a holiday.

Compare:

* You look tired. (look + adjective)

You look as if you haven't slept. (look + as if + subject + verb)

* Tom sounded worried. (sound + adjective)

Tom sounded as if he was worried. (sound + as if + subject + verb)

You can use as though instead of as if:

* Ann sounds as though she's got a cold. (= as if she's got a cold.)

B. You can also say It looks/sounds/smells as if (or as though):

* Sandra is very late, isn't she? It looks as if she isn't coming.

* We took an umbrella with us because it looked as if it was going to rain.

* Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they're having a party.

* It smells as though someone has been smoking in here.

After It looks/sounds/smells, many people use like instead of as if/as though:

* It looks like Sandra isn't coming.

C. You can use as if with other verbs to say how somebody does something:

* He ran as if he was running for his life.

* After the interruption, the speaker carried on talking as if nothing had happened.

* When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I was mad.

D. After as if we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present.

For example:

* I don't like Norma. She talks as if she knew everything.

The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past ('as if she knew') because the idea is not real: Norma does not know everything. We use the past in the same way with if and wish (see Unit 38).

Some more examples:

* She's always asking me to do things for her--as if I didn't have enough to do. (I do have enough to do)