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Part I. Accidence the noun Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the following nouns.

Exercise 2. Point out the nouns and define the class each belongs to.

Exercise 3. Give the plural oi the following nouns.

Exercise 4. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

Exercise 5. Explain the use of the genitive case.

Exercise 6. Put the noun in the genitive case. Explain the use of the genitive case.

Exercise 7. Translate into English, using a noun in the genitive case where possible.

The use of articles Exercise 1. Change the nouns into the plural. Use some (any) where necessary and make the other necessary changes.

Exercise 2. Insert articles where 'necessary. (Articles with class nouns.)

Exercise 3. Translate into English.

Exercise 4. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns modified by attributes in post-position.)

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

Exercise 6. (a) Insert articles or some where necessary. (Articles with nouns- of material.)

(B) Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns of material.)

Exercise 7. Translate into English.

Exercise 8. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with abstract nouns.)

Exercise 9. Translate into English.

Exercise 10. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with names of persons.)

Exercise 11. Translate into English.

Exercise 12. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with geographical names.)

Exercise 13. Translate into English.

Exercise 14, Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with names of hotels, streets, ships, and newspapers.)

Exercise 15. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns modified by proper nouns.)

Exercise 16, Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with set expressions.)

Exercise 17. Translate into English.

Exercise 18. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with predicative nouns and nouns in apposition.)

Exercise 19. Translate into English.

Exercise 20. Insert articles where necessary.

Exercise 21. Translate into English.

Exercise 22. Translate into Russian. (Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian.)

Exercise 23. Translate into English.

Exercise 24. Insert articles where necessary. (Special cases.)

Exercise 25. Translate into English.

Exercise 26. Insert articles where necessary.

Exercise 27. Translate into English.

Exercise 28. Insert articles where necessary.

Exercise 29. Translate into English.

Exercise 30. Insert articles where necessary.

Exercise 31. Translate into English.

Exercise 32. Insert articles where necessary. (Articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns, and numerals.)

Exercise 33. Insert articles where necessary.

Exercise 34. Insert articles where necessary.

Exercise 35. Insert another or the other.

Exercise 36. Insert articles where necessary.

Exercise 37. Insert articles where necessary.

Exercise 38. Follow the direction for Exercise 37.

Exercise 39. Comment on the use of articles or their absence.

The adjective Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the following adjectives.

Exercise 2. Give the comparative and superlative degrees.

Exercise 3. Use the adjective in the comparative or superlative degree.

Exercise 5. Point out all the substantivised adjectives and state whether they are wholly or partially substantivised.

The pronoun Exercise 1. Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and define the class each belongs to.

Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.

Exercise 3. Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.

Exercise 4. Supply some or any.

Exercise 5. Supply somebody or anybody, someone or anyone.

Exercise 6. Supply something or anything.

Exercise 7. Point out conjunctive, relative, and interrogative pronouns.

Words denoting state Exercise 1. Point out the words denoting state. Translate into Russian.

The verb Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the verbs.

Exercise 2. Point out notional, auxiliary, modal, and link verbs.

Exercise 3. Point out all the verbs. State whether they are transitive oi intransitive. Translate into Russian.

Tenses in the active voice Exercise 1. Insert the Present Indefinite or Future Indefinite.

Exercise 2. Translate into English, using the Future Indefinite or Present Indefinite.

Exercise 3. Insert the Present Indefinite or Present Continuous.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

Exercise 5. Insert the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

Exercise 7. Insert the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous.

Exercise 8. Insert the Present Perfect or Past Indefinite.

Exercise 9. Translate into English.

Exercise 10. Insert the Present Indefinite or the Present Perfect.

Exercise 11. Translate into English.

Exercise 12. Insert the Past Indefinite or Past Perfect.

Exercise 13. Translate into English.

Exercise 14. Insert the Past Continuous or Past Perfect.

Exercise 15. Translate into English.

Exercise 16. Comment on the use of tenses expressing future actions о states.

Exercise 18. Translate into English.

Exercise 19. Insert the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.

Exercise 20. Translate into English.

Exercise 21. Insert the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous.

Exercise 22. Translate into English.

Exercise 23. Insert the Past Indefinite, Past Perfect, or Past Perfect Continuous.

Exercise 24. Translate into English.

Exercise 25. Insert the Past Continuous or the Past Perfect Continuous.

Exercise 26. Translate into English.

Exercise 27. Insert the Past Continuous, Past Perfect, or Past Perfect Continuous.

Exercise 28. Translate into English.

Exercise 29. Comment on the use ot the Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous.

Exercise 30. Insert the Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, or Present Perfect Continuous.

Exercise 31. Translate into English.

Exercise 32. Comment on the use of the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous.

Exercise 33. Insert the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Periect or Past Perfect Continuous,

Exercise 34. Translate into English.

Exercise 35. Translate into English.

The passive voice Exercise 1. Insert the required tense (Passive Voice).

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 4. Translate into English, using the Passive Voice where possible.

Modal verbs Exercise 1. Comment upon the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian (can, may).

Exercise 2. Insert may (might), can (could) or the contractedforms of may not, might not, cannot, could not (mayn't, mightn't; can't, couldn't). Translate into Russian.

Exercise 3. Translate into English using the verbs can and may whenever possible.

Exercise 4. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 5. Insert may (might) or must. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 6. Translate into English using the verbs can, may, must.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the verbs can, may, mast. (Basedon an episode from To Let by j. Galsworthy.)

Exercise 10. Insert to have (to have got) or to be in the appropriate form. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 12. Translate into English using modal verbs and expressions (should, ought, to have to, to be to).

Exercise 13. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian (shall, will).

Exercise 14. Insert shall, will or the contractedforms oi shall not, wlla not (shan't, won't). Translate into Russian.

Exercise 15. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian (should or ought, would).

Exercise 16. Insert should or would. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 17. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 18. Insert modal verbs and explain their use (use thecontractedforms shan't, won't, shouldn't, wouldn't if necessary). Translate into Russian.

Exercise 19. Translate into English, using modal verbs.

Exercise 20. Translate into English, using modal verbs whenever possible. (Based on an episode irom David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

Exercise 21. Translate into English, using modal verbs.

Exercise 22. Translate into English, using modal verbs. (Based on an episode irom The Citadel by a. Cronin.)

Exercise 23. Translate into English, using modal verbs whenever possible. (Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

Exercise 24, Translate into English, using modal verbs whenever possible. (Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

The subjunctive mood Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form o! the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (conditional sentences).

Exercise 2. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required (conditional sentences).

Exercise 3. Point out mood auxiliaries and modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 5. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required.

Exercise 7. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required.

Exercise 9. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood (object clauses and attributive clauses).

Exercise 10. Translate into English, using the emotional should.

Exercise 11. Insert the appropriate form of the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 12. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood. (Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

Exercise 13. Insert should or would and state whether they are auxiliary or modal. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 14. Comment on the Subjunctive Mood and modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

Exercise is. Follow the direction for Exercise 14.

Exercise 16. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood and modal verbs where required.

The participle Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form oi Participle I.

Exercise 2. State the form and the function of Participle I. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 3. Translate into English, using Participle I where possible.

Exercise 4. Statethe function oi Participle II, Translate into Russian.

Exercise 5. Translate into English, using Participle II where possible.

Exercise 6. Insert Participle I or II.

Exercise 7. Translate into English, using Participle I or II as an attribute where possible.

Exercise 8.Translate into English, using the Participle where possible. (Based on an episode from Oliver Twist by Ch. Dickens).

Exercise 9. Point out the Objective and the Subjective Participial Construction. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 10. Translate into English, using the Objective or the Subjective Participial Construction.

Exercise 11. Translate into English, using the verb to have or to get followed by the Objective Participial Construction.

Exercise 12. Point out the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. State what kind of adverbial modifier it expresses. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 13. Point out the Absolute Constructions and state what kind of adverbial modifier they express. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 14. Translate into English, using Absolute Constructions.

Exercise 15. State the function of the Participle and Participial Constructions.

Exercise 16. Translate into English.

The gerund Exercise 1. Insert lhc appropriate form of the gerund.

Exercise 2. Point out the Gerundial Construction and comment on the way !he nominal element is expressed. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 3. Translate into English using the gerund where possible.

(В) Based on an episode from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by m. Twain.

Exercise 4. State the function oi the gerund and Gerundial Constructions. Translate into English.

Exercise 5. Insert the correct preposition before the gerund where required.

Exercise 8. Translate into English, using the gerund where possible. (a) Based on an episode from The Pickwick Papers by Ch. Dickens.

Exercise 9. Point out the gerund, the participle, and the Predicative Constructions, and state their function. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 10, Translate into English, using the gerund or the participle where possible.

The infinitive Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form of the infinitive.

Exercise 2. Insert to before the infinitive where required. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 3. Translate into English, using the to-infinitive or the bare infinitive.

Exercise 4. State the function of the infinitive. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 5. Translate into English, using the infinitive.

Exercise б. Point out the infinitive attributes. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 7. Translate into English, using infinitive attributes,

Exercise 8. Point out the Objective-with-the-Iniinitive and the Subjective Infinitive Constructions. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 9. Translate into English, using the Objective-with-the-lnlinitive Construction where possible.

Exercise 10. Translate into. English using the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

Exercise 11. Translate into English, using the Objective-with-the-Infinitive or the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

Exercise 12. Translate into English, using the infinitive or Infinitive Constructions where possible. (Based on Uncle Tom's Cabin by h. E. Beecher-Stowe.)

Exercise 13. State the function of the /or-to-Infinitive Construction. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 14. Translate into English, using the /or-fo-Infinitive Construction where possible.

Exercise 15. State the function of the infinitive and Infinitive Constructions. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 16. Memorize the following expressions and use them in examples, of your own.

Exercise 17. Translate into English, using the infinitive.

Exercise 18. Translate into English, using the infinitive where possible.

Exercise 19. Translate into English, using the infinitive or Infinitive Constructions where possible.

Exercise 20. Analyse the Predicative Constructions. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 21. State the function of the verbals and Predicative Constructions. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 22. Follow the direction for Exercise 21.

Exercise 23. Translate into English, using verbals where possible.

The adverb Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the following adverbs

Exercise 2. Point out the adverbs and define the group each belongs to.

Exercise 3. Use the comparative or superlative degree of the adverbs.

Modal words Exercise I. Point out all the modal words and define their meaning.

The interjection Exercise 1. Point out all the interjections and say whether they are emotional or imperative.

The preposition Exercise 1. State the morphological composition of the following prepositions:

Exercise 2. Insert prepositions and define their meaning where possible.

Exercise 3. Insert by or with.

The conjunction Exercise 1. State the morphological composition oi the following conjunctions:

Exercise 2. Point out all the coordinating conjunctions and define the group each belongs to.

Exercise 3. Point out all the subordinating conjunctions and say what kind of subordinate clauses they introduce.

The particle Exercise 1. Point out the particles and define the group each belongs to.

Grammatical homonyms Exercise 1. State whether the boldfaced word is an adverb, a modal word, or a particle.

Exercise 2. State whether the boldfaced word is an adverb or a preposition.

Exercise 3. State whether the boldfaced word is an adverb, a conjunction, a preposition, or a postposition.

Exercise 4. Define the part of speech the boldfaced words belong to.

Part II. Syntax the simple sentence Exercise 1. Define the kinds of sentences according to the purpose of the utterance.

Exercise 2. Define the type of question

Exercise 3. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or elliptical) and one-member sentences.

Exercise 4. Point out the subject and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 5. State the nature of it. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 6. Point oui the predicate and say to what type it belongs.

Exercise 7. Say where the predicate is simple and where it is compound (nominal or verbal).

Exercise 8. Say where the reflexive pronoun is part of the predicate and where it is an object or a predicative.

Exercise 9. Point out the predicative and say by what it is expressed.

Exercise 10. Use the adjective or adverb.

Exercise 11. Point out the subjective and the objective predicative and say by what part of speech it is expressed.

Exercise 12. Translate into English, using a compound nominal predicate.

Exercise 13. Point out the predicate and say to what type it belongs. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 14. Point out the subject and the predicate.

Exercise 15. Explain why the predicate — verb is used in the singular or in the plural.

Exercise 16. Use the appropriate iorm of the verb.

Exercise 17. Point out the kind of object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 18. Point out the Complex Object and say, by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 19. Translate into English.

Exercise 20. Point out the attribute and say by what it is expressed.

Exercise 21. Point out the apposition and say whether it is close or loose.

Exercise 22. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 23. Follow the direction for Exercise 22.

Exercise 25. Say what parts of the sentence are introduced by the preposition with or without.

Exercise 26. Point out all the independent elements and say by what they are expressed.

Exercise 27. Point out what parts are detached and by what they are expressed.

Exercise 28. Point out homogeneous parts, define them and say by what they are expressed.

Exercise 29. Analyse the following sentences.

Word order Exercise 1. Comment on the word order and explain the cases of inversion.

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

Exercise 3. Comment upon the position of the objects.

Exercise 4. Comment upon the position and the order of the attributes and say where it can be changed.

Exercise 6. Arrange the attributes in their proper order.

Exercise 6, Comment upon the position of Ihe adverbials. Say whetherthey can be placed differently.

Exercise 7. Put the verb in the proper place.

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

Exercise 9. Translate into English.

The compound and the complex sentence Exercise 1. Point out ihe coordinate clauses (mark the elliptical ones) and comment on the way they are Joined.

Exercise 2. Define the kinds of subordinate clauses (subject, object and predicative clauses). Translate into Russian.

Exercise 3. Define the kinds of attributive clauses. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 4. Define the kinds of attributive clauses and punctuate accordingly.

Exercise 5. Insert who, whom, that, which, as.

Exercise 6. Define the nature of abverbial clauses. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 7. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by that. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 8. Define the kinds ol clauses introduced by as. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 9. Define the kinds of clauses introduced by since and while. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 10. Point out parenthetical clauses. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 11. Analyse the following sentences. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 12. Analyse the following sentences. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 13. Insert it or there in the following sentences.

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into English and point out the difference in the way subordinate clauses are introduced in Russian and in English.

Sequence of tenses Exercise I. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

Exercise 3. Comment on the Sequence of Tenses and translate into Russian.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

Indirect speech Exercise 1. Use the verb to say or to tell.

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

Exercise 3. Convert into indirect speech.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

Exercise 5. Convert into indirect speech.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

Exercise 7. Convert into indirect speech.

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

Exercise 9. Convert into indirect speech.

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

Exercise п. Convert into indirect speech.

Table of contents

Indirect speech 123


Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. Он сказал с горечью, что они забыли свои обещания. 2. Она с возмущением сказала, что никак (never) не ожидала такого ответа. 3. Она с грустью сказала, что не может принять участия в экскурсии, так как у нее больна сестра. 4. Она радостно вскричала, что нашла книгу, которую искала несколько месяцев. 5. Она с удивлением спросила, почему ей не сообщили эту новость раньше.

Exercise п. Convert into indirect speech.

1. Swindon: Who arrested this man? Sergeant: I did, sir. 1 found him in the minister's house, sitting at tea, with the lady with his coat off, quite at home. If he isn't married to her, he ought to be. (Shaw) 2. "I beg your pardon, Sir," said Mr. Pickwick [to the young man], "and I am very sorry to disturb the other gentlemen, too, but I come on very particular business." (Dickens) 3. "Good-bye,. Lilian," he said to his wife, pleasantly, kindly. "I'll be coming out ta attend some of these court proceedings." To his sister he said: "Good-bye, Anna. Don't let the others get too down-hearted." (Dreiser) 4. "You wouldn't," he said, "like to leave a message, Miss, or write a note?" "Thank you, no." He stood a moment, looking at her as if debating whether she was armed. "Miss Tasburgh?" he said. "Tasborough," answered Jean. "Lord Saxenden knows me," and raised her eyes. (Galsworthy) 5. "Monsieur," she asked, "do you speak French?" "Perfectly." "Then can you tell me where they take the tickets?" The young man shook his head. "No," said he, "I am a foreigner." The girl sighed. "But what is the matter, ma'moiselle?" (Galsworthy) 6. "There is no good in my going to see little Hans as long as the snow lasts," the Miller used to say to his wife, "for when people are in trouble they should be left alone, and not be bothered by visitors. That at least is my idea about friendship, and I am sure I am right. So I shall wait till the spring comes, and then I shall pay him a visit, and he will be able to give me a large basket of primroses, and that will make him so happy." "You are certainly very thoughtful about others," answered the wife. (Wilde) 7. "Have you mended the hole in the roof yet, little Hans?" cried the Miller in a cheery voice. "It is quite mended," answered little Hans. "Ohl" said the Miller, "there is no work so delightful as the work one does for others." "It is certainly a great privilege to hear you talk," answered little Hans,... "But I am afraid I shall never have such beautiful ideas as you have." (Wilde) 8. "Dear little Hans," said the Miller,"would you mind carrying this sack of flour for me to market?" "Oh, I am so sorry", said Hans, "but I am really very busy to-day. I have got all my creepers to nail up, and all my flowers to water, and all my grass to roll." (Wilde) 9. "Who is there?" cries the Doctor. "Little Hans, Doctor." "What do you want, little Hans?" "The Miller's son has fallen from a ladder, and has hurt himself, and the Miller wants you to come at once." (Wilde) 10. She [Caro] said, her eyes wild, but with no tears in them. "I don't know how I shall bear being alone. I don't know how I am to bear it." (Snow) 11. "I'm coming to Drover all in good time," Bennett said. "There'll be petition to sign. Do you expect us to attack the prison?" (Greene) 12. Drouet was on the corner waiting, in good spirits. "Hello, Carrie," he said... "Got here safe, did you? Well, we'll take a car." (Dreiser) 13. "Minnie! What's the matter? Here, wake up," said Hanson, disturbed, and shaking her by the shoulder. "Wha-what's the matter?" said Minnie drowsily. "Wake up," he said, "and turn over. You're talking in your sleep." (Dreiser) 14. Mrs. Volterra shook hands with Erik. "Hello," she said, "I'm very glad to know you at last." (Wilson) 15. Dinny took a cigarette, and, with a long puff, said: "You saw great — Uncle Cuffs, didn't you, Uncle Adrian?" (Galsworthy) 16. She said quickly, trying to divert him: "I saw the Queen just now. Going into the cinema. Why does she wear hats like that?" (Greene)



Table of contents

Part I. ACCIDENCE 2

THE NOUN 2

THE USE OF ARTICLES 4

THE ADJECTIVE 20

THE PRONOUN 21

WORDS DENOTING STATE 23

THE VERB 23

TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE 24

THE PASSIVE VOICE 41

MODAL VERBS 45

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 53

THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERBS (VERBALS) 67

THE PARTICIPLE 67

THE GERUND 74

THE INFINITIVE 82

THE ADVERB 96

MODAL WORDS 96

THE INTERJECTION 97

THE PREPOSITION 97

THE CONJUNCTION 98

THE PARTICLE 99

GRAMMATICAL HOMONYMS 99

Part II. SYNTAX 100

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE 100

WORD ORDER 110

THE COMPOUND AND THE COMPLEX SENTENCE 114

SEQUENCE OF TENSES 122

Indirect speech 123

127